Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Biology 2 > Individuals to communities > Flashcards

Individuals to communities Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Competetitive Exclusion Principle

A

Two or more resource-limited species occupying the same niches cannot co-exist in a stable environment.

One species will be better adapted and will out-compete or eliminate the other species.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Character displacement

A

Characteristics are more divergent in sympatric populations of two species than in allopatric populations of the same two species.
Allows the two species to avoid competition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Allopatric

A

living apart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Sympatric

A

living together

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Resource

A

abiotic or biotic quantities that can be altered and reduced by the activities of living organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Condition

A

abiotic features of the environment that may be altered by the activities of living organisms, but not consumed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Individual fitness

A

relative measure of success of an organism in passing its genes to the next generation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Performance

A

ability to survive, grow, and reproduce under a given set of environmental conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ecological niche

A

combination of conditions and resources required by an individual species to persist
n-dimensional set of resources and conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fundamental niche

A

range of physiological tolerances in the absence of interaction with other species (competition)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Realized niche

A

environmental space where a species actually occurs, accounting for availability of environment resources and biotic interactions affecting a species distribution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Niche partitioning

A

species tend to differentiate or partition their resource and space use to avoid direct competition

occurs through natural selection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Temporal niche partitioning

A

organisms may separate the time they occupy a certain space or resource

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Spatial niche partitioning

A

separating space they occupy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Morphological partitioning

A

consuming differently sized seeds with differently sized beaks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Trait

A

hereditary morphological, physiological or phenological characteristic that is measurable at the individual level and that influences performance
product of genes and environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Population

A

group of individuals of the same species at the same place and the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Close popoulation

A

population with no movement (gene flow) to or from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Open population

A

population with movement (gene flow) to or from it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Death rates

A

influenced by life span, adult mortality rate and juvenile mortality rate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Birth rates

A

influenced by age at first reproduction (sexual maturity), gestation period, birth interval and lifetime fecundity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Carrying capcacity (k)

A

maximum number of organisms of a given species that can be supported in a given environment

23
Q

Density-dependent processes

A

factors that regulate a population via influencing birth or death rates, where the intensity of impact varies with population density

24
Q

Density-independent processes

A

factors that regulate a population where the intensity of impact is independent of population density

25
Q

Meta-populations

A

spatially separated population or populations
movement of gene flow is how population-level genetic diversity is developed and maintained
helps in understanding individual-level phenotypic variation due to differences in environmental conditions and resources across space, and the process of extinction

26
Q

Commensalism

A

an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm

27
Q

Co-evolutionary escalation

A

when changes in one species’ adaptations are matched by improvements in the other
evolves when a trait is only beneficial relative to the population (i.e. intraspecific competition for a limited resources like nectar is high)

28
Q

Competition

A

interaction where the fitness of one is directly or indirectly lowered by the presence of another

29
Q

Apparent competition

A

when competitors indirectly reduce each other’s fitness through a shared predator or pathogen
ex. yellow barley virus or interference competition over space

30
Q

Selective herbivory

A

when herbivores directly damage or remove the biomass of competitively dominant plants, and indirectly impact competition between plants
can result in higher plant diversity
ex. bison frequently consume C4 plants (tall grasses), allowing more light at ground level for a greater portion of C3 plants to thrive

31
Q

Predator

A

natural enemy that attacks multiple victims

eliminates a victim’s fitness through death

32
Q

Parasite

A

natural enemy that attacks a singly victim

reduces victim’s fitness without death

33
Q

Behavior-modifying infection

A

some parasites cause changes in the behavior of their intermediate hosts by directly affecting host decision-making and behavior control mechanisms
modified behaviors of the intermediate host assists in parasite transmission and typically result in intermediate host’s death
ex. tongue eating louse that enter through fish’s gills
ex. cat releasing toxoplasma gondii to attract mice

34
Q

Fitness

A

individual level

survival and growth is affected

35
Q

Abundance

A

population level

number of individuals from a single species

36
Q

Evenness

A

community level
the population of species in relative to others
one species could be more affected than the other

37
Q

Richness

A

community level
diversity, number of different species
some species could face extirpation

38
Q

Composition

A

community level
all species in a community
the different in effect could change number of species
proportion of species in a community

39
Q

Community ecology

A

study of how interactions among biota and between biota and the environment affect community structure

40
Q

Community

A

group of two or more trophically similar species that occupy the same area, and the same time, and who can interact
defined by species richness, relative or total abundance, evenness, and species composition

41
Q

Dispersal

A

movement of individuals across space

42
Q

Colonization

A

successful establishment of a new species

43
Q

Tobler’s first law of geography

A

Everything is related to everything else but near things are more related than distant things

44
Q

Extinction

A

global loss of a species

45
Q

Extirpation

A

local loss of a species

small areas have high extirpation rates

46
Q

Niche-based processes

A

deterministic (predictable) processes

informed by niche requirements of different species

47
Q

Neutral-based processes

A

stochastic (unpredictable)
informed by random chance events of dispersal, colonization and extinction
traits don’t matter

48
Q

Succession

A

observed change in community over time due to dispersal, colonization or extinction
traits vary across succession stages

49
Q

Speciation

A

evolutionary process by which reproductively isolated populations evolve to become distinct species

50
Q

Function

A

ecosystem properties or processes produced through interactions between individual organisms, and organisms and their environment

51
Q

Kinds of function

A 
Almost any interaction or process that involves biodiversity can be considered a function
Net Primary Productivity
Pollination
Predation
Waste removal
Soil porosity
52
Q

Biodiversity

A

variety of life forms at all levels of biological systems

genes, species, populations, and ecosystems

53
Q

Ecosystem services

A

subset of ecosystem functions of direct relevance to human health, wealth, and wellbeing

Biology 2 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions