Animal Physiology Flashcards
Cooperative binding
When one subunit gains an oxygen, then the conformation of Hb changes to increase affinity for other subunits to bind as well. It is difficult to bind to the first oxygen but when the shape changes, it is easier for Hb and oxygen to bind.
Purpose of respiration pathway
- Delivers electron to oxygen without creating free radicals
- Converts energy into ATP
O2. -SOD-> H2O2 -catalase-> H2O + O2
Oxidative defense to change free radical into oxygen.
CO2 + H2O H2CO3 ,–> HCO3 + H+
Hb’s method of detecting where oxygen is needed.
Vitrification
Replacement of water by sugar molecules ex. Tardigrade’s tun
What do sugars and water have in common?
O and OH
Fick’s Law
Q= DA(C2-C1)/x Q= rate of diffusion D= diffusivity (ease with what molecules can cross) A= area C2-C1= difference in concentrations x=thickness of barrier
What does diffusivity depend on?
- barrier material
- diffusing substance
- temperature of whole system
Ion regulation
molarity of NA= moles on NA/liters of solution
concentration of individual ions (ex. Na, K, Cl)
Osmoregulation
osmolarity= moles of (Na + K + all dissolved particles)/liters of solution
total concentration of all dissolved substances
Osmolarities of different waters
seawater= 1000 mOsm
marine invertebrates/vertebrates= 1000 mOsm
freshwater invertebrates/vertebrates= 300 mOsm
freshwater= 0 mOsm
Lugworm’s osmoregulation
physiological osmoconformer
behavioral osmoregulator
Mummichog’s osmoregulation
physiological osmoregulator
behavioral osmoregulator
Heat exchange equation
H= kA (T2-T1)/x H= rate of heat transfer/ rate of diffusion of heat by conduction (bodies in contact) k= conductivity (high k= good conductor; low k= good insulator) A= are T2-T1= external temperature - internal temperature x= thickness of material/barrier
Thermoconformer
ectotherm
ex. reptiles and invertebratess
