Individuals

Question 1

Personality perspectives

Answer 1

• Nomothetic (Nature, stable)

- Idiographic (Nurture, changing)

Question 2

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (self-reporting)

Answer 2

Introvert (I) - Extravert (E)
Sensing (S) - iNtuiting (N)
Thinking (T) - Feeling (F)
Judging (J) - Perceiving (P)

Question 3

The Big Five

Answer 3

1. Neuroticism
2. Extroversion
3. Openness to experience
4. Agreeableness
5. Conscientiousness

Question 4

Assumptions of Nomothetic view

Answer 4

• categorization: types/clusters of traits
• personality is measurable and comparable
• tests are valid and reliable

Question 5

Problems with Nomothetic view

Answer 5

• O’Deherty (2007)
• Cultural differences
• Personality ‘blamed’ without taking account of social circumstances
• Circularity of science: once a person is labeled, these become ‘normalized’

Question 6

Types A and B personalities

Answer 6

• A: competitive, impatient, tense, pressured, aggressive

- B: relaxed, patient, languid, easygoing, works at steady pace

Question 7

Idiographic view: cons and pros

Answer 7

Cons:
- lacks measure and standardization
Pros: 
- captures uniqueness and complexity
- takes account of social context & experiences

Question 8

Studies that support idiographic view

Answer 8

• Carl Rogers
• Cooley (1902)
• Freud

Question 9

Perception definition

Answer 9

Process of attending, organizing, and interpreting sensory data

• people exist in their own perceptual worlds
• influenced by many factors

Question 10

Intersubjectivity of meaning

Answer 10

We make meaning together:

- overlapping of individual perceptual worlds

Question 11

Perceptual dynamics

Answer 11

• selective attention
• habituation
• perceptual organization

Question 12

Perceptual organization

Answer 12

Gestalt Psychology: seek meaningful whole/patterns

• principle of similarity
• principle of proximity
• principle of closure (of good)

Question 13

Management of perception

Answer 13

Majority of data is already processed, organized and ‘framed’ in ways which shape our perceptions
E.g. Roy Jaques (1996)

Question 14

Attribution theory

Answer 14

We attribute internal/external causes to other's behaviors 
- typical/in-character 
- consistency of behavior 
- consensus over behavior 
E.g. Kelley (1971)

Question 15

Implicit personality theory

Answer 15

Assumptions used to describe, categorize and compare people

• Thorndike (1920)
• Lippmann (1922)

Question 16

Errors in perception

Answer 16

Perceptual organization leads to:

• implicit personality theory
• logical error
• Halo/horn effect
• Stereotyping