Individuals Flashcards
Garvey
Achieving aim
Mass support
Effective tactics in campaign
AIM: AAs have racial pride, economic stability- believed it would be achieved through taking AA to Africa
Set up the Black star line- plan was to take AAs to Africa. HVR unsuccessful as poor deals, government infiltrators ALTHOUGH had great ideological influence, united people together to watch the black star line
MASS SUPPORT: Set up the United Negro Improvement Association
established 700 branches, 1 million members and international support as he was a charasmatic and religious leader
EFFECTIVE TACTICS: Went on 38 city speaking tour across America
Attempt to spread his ideologies widely.
However, ultimately, he made himself a lone figure with is values too extreme — limited effectiveness.
MLK
Achieving aim
Mass support
Effective tactics in campaign
Gaining effective civil rights legislation
Helps get Browder v Gayle 1956
Civil Rights Act 1964 + Voting Rights Act 1965
Encouraging participation black American
Involving + encouraging community at Birmingham using media
Was arrested 29 times
Leads Albama-Montgomery bus boycott 55-56
Encouraging support white American
America = highly religious + being encouraged by a Christian helps
Was aware of the importance of modern media
Solving economic & social issues
Failure at Marquette Park 1966 Chicago - spat on
Organizes Poor People’s Campaign 1968 -> killed before he could
Philip Randolph
Achieving aim
Mass support
Effective tactics in campaign
Gaining effective civil rights legislation
Pressured Roosevelt to end discrimination in the war industries in 1941
Pressured Truman to end segregation in armed forced in 1948
Encouraging participation black American
Organised March on Washington
Linked aspirations & ideals of previous leaders
Encouraging support white American
- Worked with white sympathisers + put pressure on administrations
W E Du Bois
Achieving aim
Mass support
Effective tactics in campaign
AIM: urgent need for protest in order to gain more rights and equality for African Americans
Leader of Niagara Movement in 1905— demanded equal economic and educational opportunities.
Showed ability to protest, inspired
Mass support:
Civil Rights Legislation
- Shifted attention to need to publicise civil rights -> but radicalism led him along diff paths
Encouraging participation black American
Said there should be a ‘Talented Tenth’ who would lead AA’s to equality
The Niagara Movement -> set forth foundation for NAACP in 1909
Solving economic & social issues
- By 1913: 1.7 million pupils in public schools & AA’s owned 550,000 homes
Malcolm X
Achieving aim
Mass support
Effective tactics in campaign
AIM: Black power, black self-defence, black economic autonomy and separatism.
Challenging to achieve his aims — he wanted separatism while other activists didn’t.
Mass support:
Growth of NOI — 400 —> 40,000 (1960)
However, he lost support as his ideals were more radical
Effective tactics: Preached violent revolution urging AAs not to reject means for change.
Became a professional criminal.
his aims and values were too extreme and he wanted separatism which many activists didn’t want.
Booker T washington
Achieving aim
Mass support
Effective tactics in campaign
AIMS: Believed AAs needed to show their worth through hard work and education to maximise their economic opportunities
Believed they show take responsibility for own progress and accept white supremacy.
Tuskegee Institute — trained black teachers, farmers and skilled workers
By the time of his death in 1915, it had more than 100 well-equipped buildings, some 1,500 students, a faculty of nearly 200 teaching 38 trades and professions, and an endowment of approximately $2 million.
Achieved his aim well as he became a powerhouse for AA education and political influence in the US.
However, his aim was more concentrated than the others and therefore was arguably easier to achieve
Mass support: A lot of his influence was in private and behind the scenes as he did not want to antagonise the White South.
Didnt gain mass support
Effective campaigns: Promoted opposition to Jim Crow laws but was too concerned about antagonising the White South and ending long-term progress in education and employment opportunities.
