Individualistic theories of criminality: learning theories Flashcards
What is imitation?
When we acquire criminal skills through observing those around us
What is learned attitudes?
Socialisation within a group teaches them attitudes and values about the law
What is behaviourism?
The idea that rewards and punishments shape our behaviour – even criminality
What is positive reinforcement?
When behaviour is strengthened by a positive outcome (reward)
What is negativee reinforcement?
When behaviour is strengthened by removing an undesirable outcome
What is punishment?
When behaviour is stopped by an undesirable outcome
What is determinism?
The idea that our behaviour is caused by an external force outside of our control – we have no free will
What are models?
People whose behaviour we imitate
What is validity?
How true a test is – does it actually measure what it sets out to measure?
What is the key idea of Sutherland and differential association theory?
Criminality is the result of imitation and learned attitudes in groups that favour law-breaking
What is the study relating to Sutherland and differential association theory?
Group attitudes in the workplace often normalised behaviour and members are able to justify their crimes as everyone else is doing it
What is one strength of Sutherland and differential association theory?
Crime often runs in families
What is a second strength of Sutherland and differential association theory?
Mathews - juvenile delinquents are more likely to have friends who commit anti-social acts – they learn from peer groups
What is one limitation of Sutherland and differential association theory?
Not everyone exposed to criminal influences becomes criminal
What is the key idea of Skinner and operant learning theory?
If a behaviour results in a reward it will be repeated. If it results in an undesirable outcome it will not