individualistic theories AC2.2 Flashcards
Describe the main concept of social learning theory as proposed by Bandura.
Social learning theory suggests that individuals learn behaviors through observing and imitating role models, particularly in contexts such as family, subcultures, and cultural symbols
How does observational learning occur according to Bandura’s theory?
Observational learning occurs primarily in three contexts: within the family, through subcultures, and via cultural symbols.
Define the role of role models in social learning theory.
Role models are typically individuals who are the same age or older, whom people look up to and imitate their behaviors.
What was the aim of the Bobo doll experiment conducted by Bandura?
The aim was to determine if children would imitate aggressive behavior observed in adults, and the results showed that children did copy the adults and exhibited violent behavior.
Explain the concept of differential association theory as proposed by Sutherland.
Differential association theory posits that criminality can be learned through interactions and associations with different people, suggesting that individuals can adopt criminal behaviors from those around them.
Why are prisons referred to as ‘universities of crime’ according to Sutherland?
Prisons are called ‘universities of crime’ because inmates often learn new criminal techniques and behaviors from other prisoners
What emphasis does Freud place on early childhood experiences in psychodynamic theories?
Freud emphasizes that early childhood experiences and the unconscious mind significantly influence behavior, including criminality.
How does the unconscious mind relate to criminality in Freud’s theory?
Freud’s theory suggests that the unconscious mind controls behavior, and feelings of guilt associated with it can be linked to criminal actions.
Define the three components of the psyche according to Freud.
The psyche consists of three components: the id (impulsive and pleasure-seeking), the ego (rational and mediating), and the superego (socially responsible behavior).
What can result from conflicts between the id, ego, and superego in Freud’s psychodynamic theory?
Conflicts between the id, ego, and superego can lead to criminality, especially if childhood trauma causes the id to become more dominant.
What study supports Freud’s theory regarding unstable homes and criminality?
Bowlby’s 44 thieves study supports Freud’s theory by indicating that children from unstable homes are more likely to exhibit criminal behavior.
Describe the three personality traits that contribute to criminal behavior.
The three personality traits are extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
Define extroversion in the context of personality traits.
Extroversion is characterized by being sociable and needing a lot of stimulation.
How does neuroticism affect a person’s emotional stability?
Neuroticism reflects the level of emotional stability, often leading to irrational behavior.
What is psychoticism and how does it manifest in personality?
Psychoticism is characterized by a cold and aggressive personality.
Provide an example of a person who exhibited traits of extroversion, neuroticism, and psychoticism.
Nick Leeson is an example; he lost 1.3 billion of the bank’s money, which may be attributed to these personality traits.
Explain the potential impact of high extroversion on criminal behavior.
High extroversion may lead to impulsive and risk-taking behaviors, increasing the likelihood of criminal activity.
Discuss the relationship between neuroticism and irrational decision-making.
Individuals with high neuroticism may struggle with emotional stability, leading to irrational decisions.
What role does psychoticism play in aggressive behavior?
Psychoticism is associated with coldness and aggression, which can contribute to violent or criminal actions.
How can understanding these personality traits help in criminal psychology?
Understanding these traits can aid in profiling offenders and developing prevention strategies
Social learning theory suggests that individuals learn through observation.
true
Role models are always older than the individuals who imitate them.
false
The Bobo doll experiment showed that children imitate aggressive behavior.
true
Prisons are referred to as ‘universities of crime’ because inmates learn new skills.
true
