Individualistic Theories Flashcards
What is Banduras Bobodoll original experiment?
- Group 1: observed an aggressiveness, verbally and physically, by an adult (model) to bobodoll
- Group 2: observed a non agressive model to the bobodoll
- Group 3 was control group and didn’t see anything
What were the findings of the bobodoll experiment ?
- children who witnessed aggression, imitated the same behaviour towards the bobodoll
- children who didn’t witness aggression- showed rare aggression and played with toys as normal
- control group: rare aggression
How does Banduras bobodoll experiment link to crime?
- This suggests that if children witness aggression and violent behaviour eg from parents, role models, they’re more perceptible to follow and do the same
- this learnt aggression through observation can later lead to violent crimes
What is a case study that can be an example of banduras conclusion?
Daniel Bartlem- 14 year old who murdered his mother in the same way he saw on an episode on coronation street with a hammer
- children view aggression and repeat it
Evaluation of bandura
❌ external factors are not taken into account - children could of had external exposure to aggression outside of the experiment thst can influence behaviour
❌ Lab experiments- not replicable situation of real life situation to see a model and bobo doll- lacks ecological validity
❌Lack of standersation so not specific groups of children to prevent dispositions factors affecting the study
✅ provided an insight into the importance of role models and it was the first study of its time
What does the psychodynamic theory suggest ?
They suggest that our personalities are active forces that cause us to act the way they do
- criminal behaviour is as a result of inner conflict thst has not been resolved in a socially acceptable way
Freud- What is the ID?
- pleasure principle that contains our wishes, urges and desires- if they were acted upon= criminality
What is the Ego?
- balance between our conflicting demands
- learns through experience and consequences
- tests reality
What is the super ego?
- our morality principle: tells us what is right and wrong through primary socialisation
- controls our urges and guides the ID and ego
How does the psychodynamic theory link to crime?
They view antisocial behaviour to be as a result of an abnormal relationship with parents during early socialisation.
For example neglect and strict parenting
How does the super ego affect an individuals ability to commit crime?
- A weakly developed ego: causes an individual to feel less guilt about antisocial behaviour and thus makes them want to commit crime
- A too harsh and unforgiving super ego: causes an individual to feel deep guilt for their actions but craves punishment to release these feelings of guilt
- A Deviant super ego: a child has a good relationship with their parents and has been successfully socialised but deviant morals and values learnt from their parents
Evaluation of the psychodynamic theory
✅focuses on childhood experience and highlights how that can affect future behaviour which contributes to research about crime and behaviour
✅scientific research can back up the ID, EGO, SUPER EGO as they relate to different parts of the brain- prefrontal cortex supports rational decision making (EGO)
❌Difficult to test the psychodynamic concepts as they relate to the unconscious mind and internal processes which lacks reliability
What is Kohlbergs moral development theory?
This theory argues that our right and wrong develops through states within our lives of childhood and adulthood
What occurs in childhood according to moral development theory?
- Young children can define what is right and wrong based on what gives punishment and reward and its effects
What happens in adulthood according to moral development theory?
As we grow older into adulthood, our concept of right and wrong becomes as a result of life experiences of an understanding of moral principles and values
How does this theory link to crime?
This theory suggests that a criminals moral development, is less mature than most people and thus commit crime due to a lack of understanding of right and wrong
- criminals have a child mindset of actions based in reward and punishment - this makes them easily influenced to commit crime if they receive a deviant reward
Evaluation of Kohlbergs moral development theory
✅helped develop cognitive behavioural therapy as it differentiates between normal people and helps influence treatments for offenders
What is Bowlbys Maternal deprives theory?
- argues there is a link between maternal deprivation and deviant / antisocial behaviour
- a child needs a close and continuous relationship with their primary caregivers from birth till 5 yrs old to develop normally
How does this theory link to crime?
If there is prolonged separation between the primary caregiver and the baby, this can cause the child to later be unable to form meaningful relationships with others
From this, this can cause affectionless psychopathy and thus criminal behaviour
What does operant conditioning suggest by Thordlike?
He suggest the law of effect:
- any behaviour that has resulted in favourable consequences, is likely to happen again
- any behaviour that had resulted in unfavourable consequences, is less likely to happen again
What does skinner suggest about operant conditioning?
Skinner expanded on the law effect with his skinners rat experiment
- he rewarded rats with food when they touched the lever - positive reinforcement
- he electrocuted the rat until it touched the lever- negative reinforcement
- everytime the mouse pushed the lever it would get electrocuted- punishment
