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Criminology > Individualistic Theories > Flashcards

Individualistic Theories Flashcards

1
Q

Who is the main theorist for psychodynamic theory

A

Freud

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2
Q

Who is the main theorist for social learning theory

A

Bandura

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3
Q

Who is the main theorist for personality theory

A

Eysenck

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4
Q

What were the tripartive personality and their characteristics

A

Id, who is animalistic urges relies on ‘pleasure principle’. Ego, who is rational relies on ‘reality principle’ . Superego is doing the right thing relies on ‘morality principle’

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5
Q

What was freud’s assumptions of crime

A

Need to develop social and self-regulation with effective inner controls, shaped by socialisation moral development and individual psychological factors which mitigates these tendencies. Impact of early socialisation behaviour as deficiencies in upbringing and lack of maturing can lead to personality disordering

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6
Q

What does socialisation mean

A

Learning to behave in a way that is “acceptable” to society

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7
Q

When do human develop Morality

A

Around the age of 3-5

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8
Q

What are the functions of the superego

A

It controls the id’s impulses, especially the ones which society forbids like violent
Persuades the ‘ego’ to turn moral goals rather than realistic goals

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9
Q

What is the superego made of

A

Of the conscience as it acts as our internal moral compass and the ideal self which represents our perfect version of our self

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10
Q

What are the three different superego and what do they do

A

Weak superego is when there isn’t enough inner voice to say “stop” or feeling guilty
Deviant superego is when the inner voice guides in a way that is against society’s rules
Strong superego is when the inner voice is too controlling, leading to overbearing guilt or aggressive behaviour to meet unrealistic standards

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11
Q

What was the aim of the Bowlby’s affection-less psychopaths theory (1951)

A

To invest age whether prolonged maternal separation led to juvenile delinquency in children

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12
Q

WHat did Bowlby conduct

A

He compared 44 thieves or 44 non-thieves from a delinquency centre.the data he collect was that 17/44 thieves had experienced early prolonged separation from their mothers before the age of 5. And also 15 of the thieves were classed as affection-less psychopaths meaning they didn’t show any remorse

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13
Q

What was the issues of this study (Bowbly)

A

The data might be inaccurate as Bowbly was talking to children so the response might be be distorted.also as Bowbly conducted the self report it can be his presence and interpreted was likely to influence his outcome which is called conformation bias. Doesn’t consider social factors

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14
Q

why was it negative that it involves the unconscious mind. in Freud theory

A

it makes challenge to examine and test scientifically (affects validity)

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15
Q

Who is main theorist for personality theory

A

Eysenck

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16
Q

What is personality refers to

A

It is refers to unique and dynamic set of characteristics that define an individuals behaviour and thought patterns it encompasses both psychological and physical aspects.

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17
Q

What are the three key terms that all psychologists agree on

A

Dynamic organisation, personality are complex not static which evolves system within an individual
Unique characteristics, a blend of trait that makes a person distinct
Influence on behaviour and thought, characteristics have a massive impact how a person behaves and thinks

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18
Q

Why is personality used in this theory

A

It is used to refer to relatively stable characteristics of a person that makes their behaviour consistent across different situation

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19
Q

Why are traits used in the personality theory

A

It used to suggest that our behaviour are influence by stable traits which are the basic elements of our personality

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20
Q

What are the key aspects of traits

A

The stability of traits will be relatively consistent and form at the core of one’s personality.
It is measure through psychometric which takes test to evaluate personality
There is quantitive scoring which individual are scored numerically to indicate the degree to which they process certain traits

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21
Q

What is Eysenck’s three dimensions of personality called(EPI model)

A

Extraversion which is outgoing, energetic and sociable
Neuroticism which is mood swings, anxiety and irritability
Introversion which is reserved, quiet (don’t really need to know form my exam)

22
Q

What does psychoticism scored high in

A

Aggressive, antisocial, egocentric and lack of empathy. Also it know that people that have this have higher testosterone level which links to XYY theory

23
Q

Why are extraverts more likely to be a criminal

A

As they are very sociable, they need more stimulation so they have low arousal rate so more likely to do high stimulate things like theft.

24
Q

If someone have Low N(nervous system stability)

A

It indicates a stable and resilient nervous system, which often leads to better stress management and emotional regulation

25
Q

If someone has High N

A

It will represent a high degree of nervous system instability which result in pronounced emotional reactions and a tendency towards anxiety and wont learn from their mistakes

26
Q

What the assumptions on learning theory

A

Offending behaviour is viewed as learned, not innate. Learning theory suggest criminal behaviours are acquired similarly to other behaviours through social processes

27
Q

What are the implications of understanding the learning aspects of criminals behaviour

A

It can inform prevention and intervention strategies, focuses on alternating the environment the environment that foster such learning

28
Q

What does the nature of learning mean

A

The learning is a dynamic process, shaped by interactions between personal, environment, and behavioural factors. It also involves the development of skills, attitudes, and values.

29
Q

What does the role of observation mean

A

It acts as a key mechanism, where individuals manning children, learn by watching and imitating others. It also involves physical actions and social interactions and emotional response.

30
Q

What is Bandura’s study focus

A

The exploration of how observation, imitation and modelling influence learning

31
Q

What did bandura conduct

A

He conducted something called the ‘bobo doll’, where children observed an adult acting aggressive towards the doll and were later observed for imitative behaviour.

32
Q

What did bandura find

A

Children who observed the aggressive model were more likely to exhibit aggressive behaviour towards the doll themselves, demonstrating that behaviour can acquired through observation and imitation.

33
Q

What was the implications with bandura findings

A

It provides strong evidence for the social learning theory, highlighting the profound impact of observational learning on behaviour.

34
Q

What are the 3 key criteria for model selection

A

Attractiveness
Status~if they have social status or authority then to be chosen more often.
Perceived similarity~if the observer is similar to model more likely to imitate

35
Q

What does action and reward mean(learning dynamic)

A

The behaviours observed to result in rewards are more likely to imated

36
Q

What does action and punishment mean (learning dynamic)

A

The behaviours leading to punishment are less likely to imitated

37
Q

How does social learning theory link to criminality

A

The observation of a role model like a family member, that engages in criminal behaviour.
Attention, the behaviour captures the individuals attention due to the role of models that the behaviour’s perceived rewards.
Retention,all individuals remembers the behaviours and its outcomes, especially if the observed action is rewarded or goes unpunished
Reproduction, individual attempts to replicate the observed behaviour, believing similar rewards or outcomes will follow.

38
Q

What are the negatives of the social learning theory

A

They is a lack of ecological validity, as it difficult to replicating real-life scenarios accurately in experiments settings, questioning the theory’s applicability to natural environments.
There is a ethical concerns, as the test exposes children to aggressive behaviours and also there was informal consent.
Limited explanation for positive modelling.
It is reductionist approach as it overlook the complexities of naturalistic studies.

39
Q

What are the positives of the social learning theory

A

It addresses psychological development, as it contributes valuable insights.
Supports neuroscience, there is discovery mirror neurones offers biological evidence.
Comprehensive behavioural understanding
It explains variety of behaviours, includes social skills, coping strategies and problem-solving.

40
Q

why is the methodology a negative in Freud theory

A

it heavy relies o qualitative case studies making it raise questions about reliability and validity of findings

41
Q

Why is it a negative that Freud theory often explains behaviour as radioactive

A

Because after it has already occurred, which limits it predictive power. Analyse is subjective, leading to inconsistencies in interpretation.

42
Q

Why is psychodynamic theories are often based on studies of a small sample a negative ?

A

As it makes it non-representive samples of individuals, which may not be generalised to wider population.

43
Q

Why is integrating aspects of nature and nurture a positive in Freud theory? 

A

Because it’s in personality development

44
Q

Why is it a positive but Freuds theory provides a deep understanding of individual psychological process, and in a conflict

A

Because it offer insight into complex emotional and psychological issues that other theories might overlook

45
Q

Why is influence a positive in Freuds theory?

A

Because it highlights the significant impact of childhood experience on personality development

46
Q

Why is a contribution to psychology, a positive and Freud theory?

A

Because it inspires further development in psychological theories, notably influencing Jean Padgett work on developmental psychology

47
Q

Why isn’t personality theory reliable and why is that a negative

A

I the theory may suffer from issues with participant to liabilities as individuals could respond in consistently or untruthfully in the questionnaires 

48
Q

Why is Eysenck’s method that employed a dichotomous in questionnaires a negative

A

As it forces participants to choose between yes or no answers, this may be simplified in complex personality traits 

49
Q

Why is personality theory criticised for it reductionist a negative

A

As nature, failing to acknowledge the potential for personality evolution over time and largely disregarding social and environmental factors

50
Q

What did Walter mischel’s critique (1968) suggest (negative)

A

That the theory is flawed as it presupposes consistent traits defining personality behavour is an illusion, influenced by observing people in similar context repeatedly

Criminology (8 decks)

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