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Criminology > Biological Theories and Policies > Flashcards

Biological Theories and Policies Flashcards

1
Q

What are the two section in biological theories

A

physiological and genetic

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2
Q

What are the two theories that are physiological

A

Lomborso atavistic form and sheldon somatotypes study

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3
Q

What are the theories that are genetic

A

Jacob’s XYY study, twin studies, adoption studies and family studies

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4
Q

What was the aim of lombroso theory

A

To identify distinguishing physical features among criminals, which set them apart as offenders based on biological principles

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5
Q

What was the method used in lombroso theory

A

He examined the features and measurements of nearly 4,000 criminals as well as the skulls of 400 dead criminals

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6
Q

What was the results of the lombroso theory

A

Some common findings were these features:
- sloping brows
- pronounced jaw
- large ears
- high check bones
- extra nipple,toes and fingers
- long limbs

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7
Q

What does atavistic mean

A

Primitive features

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8
Q

When was lombroso’s ‘atavistic form’ and what did he claim

A

In 1876 and claimed that criminality is inherited

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9
Q

What was the common features that murderers had in lombroso theory

A

Bloodshot eyes and curly hair

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10
Q

What was the common features that sex offenders had in lombroso

A

Has thick lips and protruding ears

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11
Q

What does sloping brows indicated

A

Low intelligence

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12
Q

What does ‘throwbacks’ mean

A

Who had biological characteristics from an earlier stage of human development

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13
Q

Negative ~ there is no _____ group (lombroso)

A

No control group

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14
Q

Negative ~ the study that Goring (1913) [lombroso]

A

He attempted to replicate lombroso’s findings by comparing a large group of offenders with a control group of non-criminals and found no significance difference

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15
Q

Negative ~ doesn’t take into account of what (lombroso)

A

Of other biological and psychological factors

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16
Q

Negative ~ the sample used in lombroso were what

A

They most likely contained a large number of people with psychological disorders and chromosomes abnormalities

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17
Q

Negative ~ genetically reductionist why (lombroso)

A

Current understanding of genetic influences on behaviours are controlled by single genes

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18
Q

What does reductionist mean

A

Breaking a complex behaviour down into simple parts/ consequences

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19
Q

Positive ~ what does it shifted from and to (lombroso)

A

Shifted the study of criminal behaviour from moral basis to a scientific one

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20
Q

Positive ~ what did lombroso argued (lombroso)

A

He argued for the interaction of biological, psychological and social factors in causing criminal behaviour

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21
Q

Positive ~ what was lombroso referred as (lombroso)

A

As the ‘father of modern criminology, shafted 1916

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22
Q

who was the theorist for family studies

A

Brunners the main one but can also used osborne and west 1982

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23
Q

who was the theorist for adoption studies

A

Crowe

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24
Q

what was the theorist for twin studies

A

Christiansen

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25
Q

what did lombroso believe criminal were

A

he argued that criminals were biologically different from non-criminals with physical primitive features

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26
Q

What is sheldon’s theory about

A

Criminal behaviour is linked to a person’s physical form, believing that body build was linked to personality and temperament

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27
Q

What are the three somatotypes

A

Ectomorph, mesomorph, endomorph

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28
Q

What is ectomorph

A

Someone who is skinny, it focussed on the nervous system and the brain

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29
Q

What is mesomorph

A

Someone who is muscular, it focussed on musculature and the circulatory system.

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30
Q

What is endomorph

A

Someone who is overweight, it focused on the digestive system, particularly the stomach

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31
Q

What are the physical traits of endomorphs

A

-soft body
-underdeveloped muscles
-round shape
-over-developed digestive system

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32
Q

What is the personality traits of endomorph

A

-loves food
-tolerant
-evenness of emotions
-love of comfort
-sociable
-good humour
-need for affection

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33
Q

What’s the physical traits of mesomorph

A

-Hard,muscular body
-overly mature appearance
-rectangular shape
-thick skin
-upright posture

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34
Q

What’s the personality traits of mesomorph

A

-Adventurous
-desire for power and dominance
-Courageous
-zest for physical activity
-love risk and change

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35
Q

What is the physical traits of ectomorph

A

-thin
-flat chest
-delicate build
-young appearance
-tall
-large brain

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36
Q

What’s the personality traits of ectomorph

A

-self conscious
-prefer privacy
-Introvert
- socially anxious
-artistic
-mentally intense
-emotionally restrained

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37
Q

What somatotypes was most likely to be criminal

A

Mesomorph

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38
Q

What did Sheldon assess

A

Assess the somatotypes of samples of college students and delinquent from photographs

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39
Q

What emerged from the assessment Sheldon did

A

That the delinquents has a higher mean mesomorph rating than the college students, supporting Sheldon’s claims

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40
Q

What does the assessment shows with mesomorph

A

Mesomorph are more likely to engage in criminal activity than the other 2 types

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41
Q

Negative~pure somatotypes are rare (Sheldon’s)

A

As most people represent a blending of different types

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42
Q

Negative~Sutherland-Sheldon’s analysis of types of is essentially subjective

A

It is based on theory instead of fact

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43
Q

Negative~does not take account of what (Sheldon’s)

A

Possible psychological causes of delinquency

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44
Q

Negative~ignores social factors (Sheldon’s)

A

People react to mesomorph in ways that increase their risk of criminal behaviours

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45
Q

Positive~reliable (Sheldon’s)

A

Easy to repeat and re-evaluate

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46
Q

Positive~a re analysis by Harte AL(1982)[Sheldon’s]

A

It found that most seriously delinquent of sheldon’s sample had a mean mesomorph rating of 5, adding more support

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47
Q

What is kinefelter’s syndrome

A

The combination XXY results in a male forming some female characteristics

48
Q

What does an additional Y chromosome do

A

Make a man ‘hyper masculinise’ men who have it

49
Q

What’s the idea of XYY

A

It was advanced that offender populations in prisons an hospitals would be likely to contain large numbers of XYY men

50
Q

What serial killers had XYY

A

Arthur shawcross and john Wayne Gacy

51
Q

What did Jacob conducted

A

A chromosome survey of 315 male patients at state hospital in Scotland

52
Q

What did Jacob found

A

Found 9 patients (3%) that had XYY karyotype

53
Q

What did Howitt(2009) establish

A

That XYY men are rare in the general population but more common in offender population
Prison~ 15 in 1000
General population ~ 1 in 1000

54
Q

Negative~ theilgard (1984) [Jacob]

A

Researched the traits of XY and XYY men and found no association between aggression and the extra Y chromosome

55
Q

Negative~Stockholm (2012)[Jacob]

A

He studied 161 XYY and 934 XXY men aged 15-70 and found little difference in crime rates between the groups

56
Q

Negative~doesn’t take account of what (Jacob)

A

The higher frequency of learning difficulties and lower IQ among population

57
Q

Negative~ignores what (Jacob)

A

Social and psychological factors

58
Q

Positive~howitts (Jacob)

A

The study identified that the XYY chromosome is more common among prison populations than within the general population (15 in 1000 VS 1 in 1000)

59
Q

Positive~ Alder (2007)[Jacob]

A

Indicated that violent behaviour and aggression is at least part determined by genetic factors

60
Q

What did Osborne and west 1982 do

A

Compared the sons of criminal and non-criminal fathers

61
Q

What did Osborne and west found

A

13% of the the sons of non criminal fathers had criminal convictions
40% of the sons of criminal fathers had criminal convictions

62
Q

What did Bruner study (1993)

A

Large family associated with crimes such as rape, exhibitionist and arson

63
Q

What did Bruner males had

A

They had a genetic condition called “Bruner syndrome”

64
Q

What did Brunner say about female and the condition

A

Females can carry the genes nut are not affected

65
Q

What are the impacts of brunner syndrome

A

-lower intelligence levels
-causes a deficiency in enzyme responsible for the metabolism serotonin, linking to aggression

66
Q

Positive~ brunner demonstrated what

A

A link between criminal family member and a shared serotonin deficiency(brunner syndrome)

67
Q

Positive~takes account of what

A

Factors such as IQ unlike Jacobs study

68
Q

Negative~brunner’s research has been criticised for what

A

Using a case study method. Case studies are specific of small number of individuals, lack of representative

69
Q

Negative~ignores what

A

Influence of external factors like parenting and culture

70
Q

How much do monozygotic twin share of genetic make up

A

100%

71
Q

How much do dizygotic twin share of genetic make up

A

50%

72
Q

What is concordance rates

A

Traits shared by twins

73
Q

What did early twins studies found

A

A higher concordance for criminality amongst MZ than DZ twins

74
Q

What did Christiansen examined (1977)

A

Examined 3586 twins pairs in Denmark and identified concordance rates of criminal behaviour

75
Q

What did Christiansen found with criminal corcondance

A

Male MZ twins 35% CR
Female DZ twins 21% CR
Male MZ twins 13% CR
Female DZ twins 8% CR

76
Q

Postive~ studies are ‘natural’ (twins studies)

A

The biological relationship between twins is naturally occurring, no manipulation by researchers (reliability)

77
Q

Positive~ Christiansen’s support the idea of what (twins studies)

A

Concordance rates (validity)

78
Q

Positive~twins studies have what (twins studies)

A

Had an indirect impact on disease studies(representative)

79
Q

Positive~ twins studies uses what

A

Objective and scientific methods within research, improves the validity of the data findings

80
Q

Negative~ early twins studies such as that of Lange (1929)

A

Were inadequately controlled as to whether twins were MZ or DZ (reliability)

81
Q

Negative~ several studies included what (twins studies)

A

Small sample sizes (representative)

82
Q

Negative~social factors includes what (twins studies)

A

Includes being brought up in the same environment, reductionist

83
Q

Negative~ doesn’t take into account of what (twins studies)

A

Psychological factors

84
Q

What’s the key criticism in adoption studies

A

It was raised by research into genetics is that it cannot rule out the effect of environment

85
Q

What do adopted children share

A

They share genes with biological parents but shares an environment with adoptive parent

86
Q

What did Crowe 1972 conduct (adoption studies)

A

Crowe compared 2 groups of adopted children

87
Q

What were the two groups in Crowe (adoption studies)

A

Group1: adopted children with criminal bio-mothers
Group2(control): adopted children with non-criminal bio-mothers

88
Q

What was the outcome of Crowe (adoption studies)

A

Group1:50% of the adopted children also had a criminal record by the time they were 18
Group2: 5% gained a criminal record by 18

89
Q

Negative~ age of adoption(adoption studies)

A

May mean some exposure social factors has already occurred (reliability)

90
Q

Negative~info about biological parent (adoption studies)

A

Isn’t always available(validity)

91
Q

Negative~ the adoption process is not always random

A

Meaning children may be placed with families similar to their original ones (reliability)

92
Q

Positive~the adoption process separates children from their bio-parents

A

Meaning it is easier to distinguish between genetic and social factors

93
Q

Positive~studies have concluded what

A

That there is a correlation between adopted children their bio-parents

94
Q

Examples of policy markers

A

Politics
Policing
Prisons
Healthcare

95
Q

What is social policing

A

An act or reform put in place by the government and its agencies with intent to better improve society

96
Q

What is an agencies

A

Police any intelligence service

97
Q

What are the two types of policing

A

Formal policy~ eg courts,laws
Informal policy~eg school,NHS

98
Q

What’s formal policing

A

The law and those who make/ enforce it~ police, prison, parliament

99
Q

What’s informal policing

A

Community and organisation whose primary purpose is not crime control ~ families, community influence it

100
Q

What did Gesch 2002 study about neuro chemcials

A

231 male prisoners receive daily vitamin would either be a supplement to or placebo

101
Q

What does mental health link to (neuro chem)

A

Healthy diet

102
Q

What does low serotonin levels mean

A

Links to aggressive

103
Q

What might policy influence and limit criminal behaviour (neuro chem)

A

It is through the regulation of prisoner diets

104
Q

What could inheritance of genes explain (eugenics)

A

The presence of simple and complex human behavioural; characteristics

105
Q

What does determinism mean

A

The idea that behaviour has on singular cause

106
Q

What does the eugenics reinforces

A

The ideas of biological determinism and claims that biology had contributed towards many of the social problems throughout the 19th century

107
Q

Who was the key theorist of eugenics

A

Francis Galton

108
Q

What did Francis Galton believe about eugenics

A

Called for government polices to improve the biological quality of the human race through selective parenthood.

109
Q

What’s some of the proponents in eugenics key theorist

A

Of eugenics advocates the serialisation of criminal or those with undesirable, criminal traits

110
Q

What is chemical castration

A

It is castration via an aphrodisiac drugs

111
Q

What is chemical castration used for

A

Done in order to reduce libido(sexual desire)and sexual activity

112
Q

Chemical castration is not surgical meaning what

A

Does not remove organs nor is it form of sterilzation

113
Q

What case did chemical castration happen in uk

A

It was a mental patient in 1988, was detained in hospital under the mental act forced to go under chem cast due to his uncontrollable desire

114
Q

How much does chemical castration cut

A

Cut rates or reoffending by 35%

115
Q

What is death penalty (extreme)

A

It is the most extreme biologically driven policy is that of capital punishment

116
Q

Where do most executions happen

A

China , Iran, Saudi Arabia, Vietnam and Iraq

117
Q

What did stats from USA said

A

Shows that murder rate is lower in states that don’t have death penalty than those that do

Criminology (7 decks)

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