Individualistic theories

Question 1

Psychological theories

Answer 1

Eysenck - personality is biological, extrovert, neurotic and psychotic personality
EXTROVERT - seek excitement = crime
NEUROTIC - don’t learn from mistakes = crime
PSYCHOTIC - cruel, lack empathy
measure using a personality questionnaire

Question 2

Psychodynamic theory - F

Answer 2

Freud - the id, UNCONSCIOUS pleasure principle
the superego, MORAL the conscience
the ego, decision maker, BALANCE
a weak superego - feel less guilt, punish for acting on the ids urges
a too harsh superego - strong guilt, crave punishment for a release
a deviant superego - parents socialised them with crime so don’t feel guilt

Question 3

Psychodynamic theory - J

Answer 3

Bowlby - maternal deprivation - need continuous care from 0-5 from the mother, if broken it causes issues in later life with relationships - AFFECTIONLESS PSYCHOPATHY
study - 44 juveniles - 39% had seperation for 6+ months - 44 non juveniles - 5%

Question 4

Social learning theory - S

Answer 4

Sutherland - learned attitudes - likely to commit crime
1 - IMITATION of criminal acts by observation
2 - LEARNT - socialising with family and peer groups exposes values regarding law
study - white collar crime - attitudes of the crime were normalised

Question 5

Social learning theory - B.F

Answer 5

B.F Skinner - crime is a result of REWARDS (likely to be repeated) and PUNISHMENT (likely to not repeat)
Jefferys - differential reinforcement, if a crime has rewarding consequences they will be more likely to commit crime, financial gain and respect

Question 6

Social learning theory - B

Answer 6

Bandura - we learn our behaviour from MODELS
if model is rewarded - likely to imitate
if model is punished - less likely to imitate, vicarious reinforcement
Study - Bandura et al - 5 year olds, children copied the models who were rewarded - can be applied to crime