Individualistic knowledge

Question 1

Psychological theories

Answer 1

Eysenck studied personality types that are likely to commit crimes.
Extrovert - nervous system that needs stimulation (seek excitement)
Neurotic - don’t learn from mistakes
Psychotic - cruel, lack empathy
measured using a personality questionnaire

Question 2

Psychodynamic theory - F

Answer 2

Freud studied early relationships and how the impact our brains.
ID, selfish, urges in our unconscious mind
Ego, decision maker so balances
Superego, morals, the conscience
a weak superego - feel less guilt, punish for acting on the ids urges
a too harsh superego - strong guilt, crave punishment for a release
a deviant superego - parents socialised them with crime so don’t feel guilt

Question 3

Psychodynamic theory - J

Answer 3

Bowlby - maternal deprivation - need continuous care from 0-5 from the mother, if broken it causes issues in later life with relationships - AFFECTIONLESS PSYCHOPATHY
study - 44 juveniles - 39% had separation for 6+ months - 44 non juveniles - 5%

Question 4

Differential association

Answer 4

Sutherland - learned attitudes - likely to commit crime
1 - IMITATION of criminal acts by observation
2 - LEARNT - socialising with family and peer groups exposes values regarding law
study - white collar crime - attitudes of the crime were normalised

Question 5

Operant learning

Answer 5

B.F Skinner - crime is a result of REWARDS (likely to be repeated) and PUNISHMENT (likely to not repeat)
Jefferys - differential reinforcement, if a crime has rewarding consequences they will be more likely to commit crime, financial gain and respect

Question 6

Social learning theory

Answer 6

Bandura - we learn our behaviour from MODELS
if model is rewarded - likely to imitate
if model is punished - less likely to imitate, vicarious reinforcement
Study - Bandura et al - 5 year olds, children copied the models who were rewarded - can be applied to crime