individualistic policies Flashcards
describe process of psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is based on Freud’s theory of personality. Psychoanalysis sees a weak superego as a cause of criminality since the individual lacks a moral force to curb their selfish instincts.
Psychoanalysis process-
★ Therapy in which patients verbalises their thoughts.
★ Aim is to access the unconscious mind, where repressed trauma is causing ‘criminal’ behaviour.
The goal of the therapist is to bring that trauma into the patients conscious experience where it can be dealt with directly.
evaluate psychoanalysis
Psychoanalysis is very time consuming and expensive – it may take many
years to uncover repressed memories and the patient could ‘just be getting
better’ on their own.
Blackburn (1993) points out there are few positive evaluation points on
classic psychoanalysis as a treatment for criminals.
The nature of psychoanalysis creates a power imbalance between therapist
and client that could raise ethical issues.
A patient could discover very painful memories that were deliberately
repressed.
However… Shelder (2010) concluded
that it works as well as, or is at least equivalent to, other psychotherapy treatments, such as cognitive behavioural therapy.
how does a token economy work
token economy works in this way:
The institution draws up a list of desirable behaviours
When the offender behaves in that way, they earn a token
Tokens can be exchanged for rewards
Through this selective reinforcement, good behaviour becomes more likely
and undesirable behaviour is less likely
is token economies effective (operant conditioning)
Some studies show an improvement in behaviour, but once the reinforcement stops, the behaviours tend to disappear. However, offenders return to crime more slowly than those who have not undergone the programme.
Fo & O’Donnell (1975) found a buddy
system in which adult volunteers
reinforced socially acceptable
behaviour to a young offender
improved the behaviour of serious
offenders but was less effective for
non-serious young offenders.
Evidence suggests token economies
work in the short-term, but the
improvements do not last once that
criminal leaves prison (Allyon & Milan,
1979)
what is aversion therapy (eysenck )
★ Offenders are asked to think about an unacceptable sexual fantasy until they are aroused.
★ A strongly aversive stimulus is then administered, such as an electric shock or a nausea – inducing drug.
★ The procedure is repeated until the offender comes to associate the deviant arousal and the stimulus. The aim is to stop the thoughts, and thus stop the offendin
is aversion therapy effective
has very limited success, usually
only short term, and its use in
attempting to cure gay people has
also been criticised as a human rights
abuse
describe cognitive behavioural therapy (think first programme)
one–to–one sessions
for repeat offenders on probation. It aims to enable offenders to control their thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. It teaches problem-solving skills, consequential thinking (what will be the consequences of my course of actions, for me, and others?), decision making and seeing things from the other’s point of view. It also provides social interaction and moral reasoning training
is CBT effective
Those completing the programme are 30% less likely to be re – convicted than offenders who receive an
alternative community sentence. However, non – completion rate is often high to
