Individualistic

Question 1

3 main ideas of social learning theory

Answer 1

1) criminal behavior is learned
2) Our influence is our immediate social environment
3) There is a key role of reinforcement and punishment in the learning process

Question 2

What is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 2

Reinforced behavior gained by watching models being rewarded/punished

Question 3

Strengths of Social learning theory

Answer 3

• showed cause and effect
• was replicated and showed similar results
• there was controlled variables, so lead to a higher degree of accuracy (age, gender)

Question 4

Limits of social learning theory

Answer 4

• as it was a lab study, it was an un-natural environment which has a lower validity
• ethical? children exposed to violence
• Cumberbatch - children that had not seen the doll before were 5x more likely to imitate the model and act aggressively

Question 5

who supported social learning theory?

Answer 5

Sunderland’s differential association theory (individuals learn criminal behavior from family and peer groups)

Question 6

who disagreed with social learning theory

Answer 6

Cumberbatch - children who had not seen the doll were 5x more likely to be violent

Question 7

What does psychodynamic approach mean?

Answer 7

Understanding the mind

Question 8

3 main points of psychodynamic theory

Answer 8

1) different forces (most unconscious) determine our behavior
2) personality is tri - partie
3) 5 psychosexual stages , which determine our adult behavior. We store trauma unconsciously and disruptions in childhood leads to ID dominating

Question 9

What is the ID

Answer 9

ID - pleasure principle.

driven by unconscious mind. Present from birth and demands immediate gratification, and is selfish

Question 10

What is the EGO

Answer 10

EGO - reality principle
mediates between the ID and SUPEREGO by using defense mechanisms , develops at the age of 2, seeks rational and sensible control

Question 11

what is the SUPEREGO

Answer 11

morality principle
-our sense of right and wrong- represents the moral standard of our same sex parent and develops at the phallic stage (age 5)

Question 12

what is defense mechanisms

Answer 12

unconscious strategies to ensure ego is prevents from overwhelming trauma by using displacement, repression, denial or projection

Question 13

What personality type causes crime in the psychodynamic theory?

Answer 13

ID dominates = mind is uncontrollable , leading to criminal behavior
SUPEREGO dominates = morality exceeds and expect perfection and judgmental if not achieved , so could also result in crime

Question 14

Strengths of psychodynamic theory

Answer 14

• Bowlbys maternal deprivation theory supports psychodynamic theory
• contributed to crime and behavior research
• ID, SE AND EGO all relate to different parts of the brain. the limbic system (emotion) is the ID and the pre-frontal cortex (rational decision making) is the EGO

Question 15

Limitations of psychodynamic theory

Answer 15

• lack of quantitive data, as he knew the patients he was studying on (more qualitative)
• unscientific as it lacks objective interpretation (other psychologists may draw different conclusions)
• theory is no longer used as its impossible to test the concepts of the unconscious mind.

Question 16

Who supports the psychodynamic theory

Answer 16

Bowlby maternal deprivation theory - most criminals come from unstable homes.

Question 17

What are the 3 main ideas of the psychological theory (Eysenck)

Answer 17

1) criminal personality’s is the outcome of interactions between the mental process and the nervous system
2) personality traits are biologically determined
3) we develop a conscious through conditioning, however, some personality traits do not respond to conditioning

Question 18

How did Eysenck test his theory?

Answer 18

sent 7000 questionnaires to soldiers who were being treated for neurotic disorders at the hospital he worked at

Question 19

What did Eysenck find from his studies?

Answer 19

Initially 2 dimensions of personality - extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability. Later on found a 3rd dimension, psychoticism. People who scored high on P were cold and uncaring, high on E meant you need more stimulation from your environment and high on N meant you had stronger emotions.

Question 20

Strengths of the psychological theory

Answer 20

• DeYoung found link between PEN scores and brain processes
• If the theory was correct, intervention in the childhood stages could prevent such development and reduce crime
• Supporting evidence (predicted traumatized soldiers would score high on neuroticism, they did)

Question 21

How are the 3 dimensions of personality biologically linked?

Answer 21

Extroverted (low levels of cortical arousal in nervous system)
Neutronic (over-reactivity in sympathetic nervous system)
Psychotic (level of testosterone)

Question 22

Limitations of psychological theory

Answer 22

• reliability as people can lie on the tests
• Lacks validity as Eysenck used self reports studies on the offenders (biased or false answers)
• suggests personality is genetic, ignores environmental factors and ignores personality isn’t consistent

Question 23

Who supports the psychological theory?

Answer 23

DeYoung - suggests a link between P E N scored and brain processes such as release of dopamine being linked to extroversion. (theory does have biological basis)