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Immunology Final > Individual Vaccines > Flashcards

Individual Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 types of influenza vaccines?

A

1) Whole virus inactivated vaccines
2) Subunit inactivated vaccines
3) Split virus inactivated vaccines
4) Live attenuated, cold- adapted vaccines

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2
Q

What are the 3 strains of influenza?

A

1) Influenza A serotypes- 16 H subtypes and 9N subtypes
2) Influenza B
3) Influenza C- rare and mild

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3
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae Type B Disease:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) HIB Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON
3) Infants and elderly
4) Serious disease but is treatable with antibiotics

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4
Q

Pneumococcal Disease:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) Pc Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) COMMON
3) Infants and Elderly
4) Dozens of different strains; most current vaccine= Prevnar 13 which covers 65% of strains

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5
Q

Meningitis:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) Meningococcal Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON
3) Population not specified
4) Multiple strains; B mainly infects kids, A,C,Y,W-135 older kids and teens

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6
Q

Diphtheria:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) DTaP Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON (about 5 cases per year)
3) Pop. not specified
4) Sometimes serious but can be treated with antitoxin and antibiotics

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7
Q

Tetanus:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) DTaP vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON (20-50 cases per year)
3) Mostly adults but kids too

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8
Q

Pertussis:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) DTaP vaccine (non-infectious)
2) COMMON (10,000-30,000 cases per year)
3) Infants
4) Disease may last for 3 months even when treated because there is damaged caused by the toxin (creates cough)

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9
Q

Hepatitis B:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) Hepatitis B Vaccine (non- infectious)
2) NOT COMMON
3) Pop. not specified

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10
Q

Rotavirus:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) Rotavirus Vaccine (infectious live)
2) Common; most kids have it by 3 years of age
3) Infants and Kids, spread easy at day care
4) Resistant to normal hand washing. Indistinguishable from the common stomach flu.

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11
Q

Polio:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) Polio Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON, NO CASES SINCE 1985!
3) none
4) Nervous system involvement

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12
Q

Measles:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) MMR (infectious)
2) NOT COMMON- 50-100 cases per year
3) Pop. not specified
4) Cases range from mild to severe (1/1000 are fatal)

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13
Q

Mumps:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) MMR (infectious)
2) NOT COMMON- 250 cases per year
3) Pop. not specified
4) severe cases are rare

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14
Q

Rubella:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) MMR (infectious)
2) NOT COMMON- 250 cases per year
3) Pregnant females- can cause birth defects
4) Very mild!!

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15
Q

Varicella Zoster Virus:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) Varicella Vaccine (infectious)
2) COMMON- 3.5 million cases per year PRIOR to vaccine in 1990s
3) Adults if they haven’t been exposed

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16
Q

Hepatitis A:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) Hepatitis A Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) NOT COMMON (10,000 cases per year)
3) More common in day care centers
4) Transmitted by infected stools- takes about 4 weeks to become symptomatic

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17
Q

Human Papillomavirus:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) HPV Vaccine (non-infectious)
2) COMMON- about 20 million people infected in US
3) People who have unprotected sex.
4) MAY lead to cervical cancer (key word… MAY) Approximately 2000 infants per year get an HPV throat infection from their mothers.

18
Q

Influenza:

1) Vaccine?
2) Common or Not common?
3) High risk populations?
4) Other?

A

1) Influenza Vaccine (4 main types)
2) COMMON- millions of cases per year
3) Children under 16 and elderly above 65
4) MANY different strains that mutate all of the time

19
Q

What are side effects of the flu vaccine?

A

1) Typical flu like symptoms are common
2) Febrile seizures
3) Guilain-Barre syndrome
4) Sever allergic reactions (for those with egg allergies)

20
Q

What are glial cells?

A

Cells of the nervous system that do not conduct nervous impulses

21
Q

What are microglia?

A

Macrophages of the brain and spinal cord that are constantly sampling the surrounding environment to assure homeostasis. These can be activated in response to stimuli!

22
Q

What percentage of glial cells are microglia?

A

20%

23
Q

What is the most abundant cell of the human brain?

A

Astrocytes

24
Q

What are the several functions of astrocytes?

A

1) Structural function
2) Nutrition for other cells by storing and releasing glycogen and releasing lactate
3) Give off regulatory molecules like glutamate and potassium
4) Help control synaptic transmission by clearing excess glutamate from synapses
5) Help control brain blood flow
6) Aid oligodendrocytes in myelination
7) Nervous system repair
8) Long-term potentiation

25
Q

What two cell types are preferential for aluminum accumulation?

A

Microglia and astrocytes

26
Q

How do astrocytes limit excitotoxic damage?

A

By clearing excess glutamate

27
Q

What are the two things responsible for brain injury (immunocitotoxicity) when they are combined?

A

Inflammatory cytokines and excitatory molecules (glutamate)

28
Q

How are microglia activated?

A

Microglia have receptors for most neurotransmitters, cytokines, chemokines, interferons, MHC I, MHC II, pattern recognition receptors, and toll-like receptors

29
Q

What two events are regulated by microglia?

A

1) Pro-inflammatory cytokine/chemokine release

2) Release of excitatory amino acids, particularly glutamate

30
Q

What types of diseases have microgliosis (activated microglia are present in large numbers)?

A

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Parkinson’s, Huntington’s, Pick’s, HIV dementia, Multiple Sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

31
Q

What are macrophages responsible for when they are resting?

A

They are garbage collectors when resting

32
Q

What cells are macrophages responsible for when they are activated?

A

Antigen presenting cell and killer cells

33
Q

What are macrophages responsible for when they are hyperactivated?

A

They are vicious killers when they are hyperactivated

34
Q

What are microglia responsible for in a resting state?

A

Extending and retracting pseudopodia and sampling the surrounding microenvironment. They also secrete basal levels of neurotrophic substances

35
Q

What are microglia responsible for when they are primed?

A

mRNA and membrane receptors are up-regulated. There is no increase release of cytokines, chemokines, interferons, or excitotoxins

36
Q

What are the microglia responsible for when they are hyperactive?

A

Several fold higher concentration of released pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, and the release of three excitotoxins (glutamate, aspartate, and quinolinic acid (QUIN))

37
Q

Explain the concept of herd immunity.

A

By lowering the number of susceptible members of a population, vaccination decreases the natural reservoir of infected individuals in that population and so reduces the probability of transmission of infection. So, even unvaccinated members will be protected because their individual chance of encountering the pathogen is decreased. However, the herd immunity effect is only seen at relatively high levels of vaccination within a population.

38
Q

When is herd immunity effectiveness reduced?

A

When the pool of unvaccinated individuals grows above threshold where the infectious organism still persists, herd immunity effectiveness is reduced and outbreaks occur.

39
Q

Does vaccination always equal immunity?

A

No. Vaccination creates leaky herd immunity.

40
Q

Can outbreaks still happen in highly vaccinated populations?

A

Yes. Measles is an example.

Immunology Final (7 decks)

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