General Vaccination Flashcards
What are the primary cell types that vaccination is targeting?
Memory cells; Th, Tk, and B cells
How do you create memory with a memory B cell?
The antigen goes to a secondary lymph organ via lymph or blood
How do you create memory with a memory helper T cell?
The antigen presenting cell must present the antigen on a MHC II
How do you create memory with a killer T cell?
An infected cell must present the antigen on a MHC I
What are some features of vaccines?
Safe, protective, gives sustained protection, induces neutralizing antibodies, induces protective T cells, practical considerations
What part of the innate immune system can regulate the persistence of the germinal center-memory B cell differentiation pathway?
TLR Triggering
Innate programming of dendritic cells in lymph nodes may provide instructive cues for what?
For the migration of activated T and B cells to mucosal tissues
What innate cell may regulate the differentiation of antigen- specific T and B cells at mucosal sites?
Macrophages
What are the 3 main types of immunization discussed in class?
1) Exposure to pathogen followed by recovery
2) Vaccination
3) Transfer of preformed antibodies (passive)- mother to fetus and injection of antisera
Common agent used for a black widow spider bite
Horse antivenin
Common agent used for botulism
Horse antitoxin
Common agent used for cytomegalovirus
Human polyclonal Ab
Common agent used for diphtheria
Horse antitoxin
Common agent used for hepatitis A and B
Pooled human immunoglobulin
Common agent used for measles
Pooled human immunoglobulin
Common agent used for rabies
Human or horse polyclonal Ab
Common agent used for respiratory disease
Monoclonal anti-RSV
Common agent used for snake bite
Horse antivenin
Common agent used for tetanus
Polled human Ig or horse antitoxin
Common agent used for varicella zoster virus
Human polyclonal Ab
Does disease always lead to immunity?
No.
Give examples of diseases/infections where the body does not acquire immunity.
1) Respiratory syncytial virus
2) Malaria
3) Pathogens that mutate rapidly- HIV
4) Pathogens with multiple stereotypes- Dengue virus
5) Pathogens that cause persistent or latent infection- HIV or Hep C
What 3 groups are vaccines classified into?
1) Non- infectious
2) Attenuated
3) Carrier
What are live attenuated vaccines?
They are weakened versions of the pathogens that mimic the kind of protective immunity induced in people who survive live infection, where long term immunity is usually conferred
What are some examples of live attenuated vaccines?
1) Smallpox
2) Yellow fever
3) Measles
4) Mumps
5) Rubella
6) Chicken pox
What is another broad group of vaccines?
1) Subunit vaccines
2) Toxoid Vaccines
3) CHO vaccines
4) Conjugate vaccines
What do subunit, toxoid, CHO and conjugate vaccines typically contain?
Adjuvants
What is an example of a subunit vaccine?
Hepatits B and HPV vaccines- these are non-infectious subunit
What are examples of toxoid vaccines?
Inactivated toxins against diphtheria and tetanus
What is an example of a CHO vaccine?
Vaccine against pneumococcus
What are examples of conjugate vaccines?
Vaccines against Haemophilus infulenzae type B or meningococcus
What are the 3 categories of non-infectious vaccines?
1) Killed vaccines
2) Bacterial toxins
3) Parts of a pathogen