Individual Geniuses

Question 1

Hippocrates

Answer 1

+Four Humor Theory
+Hippocratic Oath
+Believed in natural causes of disease and encouraged doctors to use natural treatments
+Came up with the “clinical method of observation”

Question 2

Galen

Answer 2

+Developed the four humor theory to the theory of opposites
+Wrote 60 medical books for doctors
-Made mistakes as he used animals not humans for dissection

Question 3

Ambroise Pare

Answer 3

-Pare had a low status position as a battlefield surgeon
+Pare developed ligatures
+Pare used an ointment when treating gunshot wounds on the battlefield

Question 4

Andreas Versalius

Answer 4

+Was allowed to do human dissections in Padua
+Wrote “The fabric of the human body”
+Encouraged doctors to dissect
+Proved wrong some of Galen’s mistakes

Question 5

William Harvey

Answer 5

+Discovered circulation of the blood
+Identifies difference between arteries and veins
+Wrote “An anatomical account of the motion of heart and blood”
-People still died in his surgery

Question 6

Edward Jenner

Answer 6

+Discovered how to make someone immune to a disease by creating a Smallpox vaccination

• Lots of opposition to vaccination
• Could not help people who were born with diseases

Question 7

Florence Nightengale

Answer 7

+Helped nurse in the Crimean War
+Made improvements in death rate and ward hygiene
+ Wrote “Notes on Nursing” and used it give nursing discipline and a good reputation

Question 8

Mary Seacole

Answer 8

+Nursed soldiers in the Crimean War

+Built the “British Hotel” to help people

Question 9

Louis Pasteur

Answer 9

+Disproved Spontaneous Generation theory
+Germ Theory
-Germ Theory could not explain genetic diseases
+Came up with new vaccinations eg Anthrax
-Was not accepted until a few years later

Question 10

Robert Koch

Answer 10

+Used dyeing techniques to color microbes that he viewed in a microscope
+Found bacteria for causing diseases eg TB and Cholera

Question 11

Sir Humphrey Davy

Answer 11

+Used nitrous oxide or laughing gas in surgery
+Overcame pain
-It was not widely used because the book was given an obscure name and was not known

Question 12

James Simpson

Answer 12

+Used Chloroform in surgery to overcome pain by knocking the patient out

• Lots of opposition
• If the dosage was not controlled, it could kill the patients

Question 13

Joseph Lister

Answer 13

+Discovered use of Carbolic Acid spray for an antiseptic after reading Pasteur germ theory
+Discovery lead to aseptic surgery, which included cleaning operating theaters and sterilizing instruments
-Many people opposed Carbolic Spray because it was uncomfortable for doctors
-Pasteur germ theory was not accepted at first

Question 14

Edwin Chadwick

Answer 14

+Was asked by the government to report living conditions
+He concluded that ill health was caused by poor living conditions
+He gave his idea to the government to save money by cutting taxes so that they could spend the money on helping the poor
+Suggested appointing a Medical Officer of health
-The argument went on for 30 years of how to respond with little change being made

Question 15

John Snow

Answer 15

+Proved the link between Cholera and one pump on Board Street
+Removed the handle on the pump saving many lives
+Put pressure on water companies to clean up their supply

Question 16

Karl Landsteiner

Answer 16

+Discovered blood groups
+Blood transfusions were successful in operations
+Was used during WW1

Question 17

Alexander Flemming

Answer 17

+Discovered a mould that killed bacteria by chance
+Produced a paper on it that was picked up by Florey and Chain
-The paper had an obscure name
-Could not produce it industrially

Question 18

Florey and Chain

Answer 18

+Discovered Flemmings paper on penicillin
+Had to ask the US government to fund mass production
+Saved many lives in WW2 from infection

Question 19

William Beveridge

Answer 19

+Published his Beveridge report
+This stated how a social security craddle to the grave programme should be set up
+Lead to the introduction of the NHS

Question 20

Crick and Watson

Answer 20

+Set up the human genome project which included mapping the human DNA
-Was incredibly expensive as it required the best scientists in the world to come together
+Now allows future procedures like making drugs specifically for one person and curing genetic diseases

Question 21

Al-Razi (Rhazes).

Answer 21

-He was an individual genius in the Islam religion in the Middle Ages. He wrote multi-volume thorough medical encyclopaedia’s including Galen’s/Greek doctors work. It was used over Europe in Latin. He wrote 200 books.

Question 22

In Sina (Avicenna).

Answer 22

-He wrote multi-volume thorough medical encyclopaedia’s including Galen’s/Greek doctor’s work. It was used over Europe in Latin. His medical encyclopaedia ‘The Canon’ used to teach European physicians until the 1600s which included Greek work and his own work known as the ‘Galen of Islam’.