INDIVIDUAL EXPLANATIONS FOR CRIME

Question 1

Classicism assumes that…

Answer 1

the criminal is someone exercising free-will and rationality

Question 2

How does classicism perceive punishment should occur?

Answer 2

punishment by laws/legislation, proportionate to the crime.

Question 3

What is the focus of classicism?

Answer 3

the offence

Question 4

Positivism is deterministic, meaning…

Answer 4

the focus is on the offender, relying on data and theory.

Question 5

What is the positivistic nature of the offender? (3)

Answer 5

Determined. Driven by biological, psychological or other influences. Pathological offender.

Question 6

What is the positive response to crime?

Answer 6

Treatment, depending on individual circumstances.

Question 7

What are the 3 things that can make someone “evil”?

Answer 7

Disposition (bad apple), Situational (bad barrel), Systemic (bad barrel makers)

Question 8

What are the positive aspects of eugenics? (2)

Answer 8

Improved gene pool, financial incentives to have children

Question 9

What are the negative aspects of coercive eugenics?

Answer 9

Compulsory sterilization, segregation, restricted marriage/immigration, Nazis

Question 10

What biochemical factors can cause increased criminality? (4)

Answer 10

ADHD (hyperactivity leading to aggression and violence), Acquired brain damage (foetal alcohol syndrome), childhood abuse, hormones/testosterone.

Question 11

What theory helps understand criminality as a learned behaviour?

Answer 11

Psychological Positivism

Question 12

Offenders ‘responding’ “helplessly” to their cues is an example of what?

Answer 12

Classical Conditioning

Question 13

What treatment was once used to treat delinquency?

Answer 13

Aversion therapy to break classical conditioning (Clockwork Orange)

Question 14

3 elements of Operant Conditioning:

Answer 14

Antecedent condition prompts particular behaviours that lead to consequences.

Question 15

What are positive reinforcers of crime?

Answer 15

Sexual pleasure (rape), acquisition of items (theft)

Question 16

What are negative reinforcers of crime?

Answer 16

Murder (removal of a person)

Question 17

What are positive punishments of crime?

Answer 17

Fines, the addition of restriction (jail)

Question 18

What are the negative punishments of crime?

Answer 18

loss of job, loss of a relationship

Question 19

Social Learning Theory determines…

Answer 19

it is possible to learn cognitively through the observation of others behaviour.

Question 20

Crime as a rational choice considers

Answer 20

“perceptions” of the situation and risk/reward, the decision to offend is constrained by time, cognitive ability and info.

Question 21

Cognitive Behaviour Therapy encourages offender to develope the ability to…

Answer 21

anticipate consequences

Question 22

High amounts of PNE are likely to increase criminality, what is PNE?

Answer 22

Psychoticism, Neuroticism, Extroversion

Question 23

Effective prevention is dependent on punishment (3, classicism):

Answer 23

1. with certainty (how likely punishment is to occur
2. with celerity (how quickly punishment occurs relative to offence)
3. with severity

Question 24

What are some limitations to classicism?:

Answer 24

• Treats all individuals as ‘rational’ actors, ignores mental illness, maturity, cognitive impairments
• ignores the influence of ‘power’on behaviour
• no altered outcomes to consider individual differences/circumstances

Question 25

Psychological positivism is interested in how people (4)

Answer 25

• Process information
• Reason
• Problem solve
• Make decisions

Question 26

Adverse childhood experiences come under three headings:

Answer 26

Abuse, Neglect, Household dysfunction