Individual Differences Pt.2 Flashcards
What are the two conceptions of competence in the achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1989)?
- Self-referenced - ability and effort not clearly differentiated
- Other-referenced - ability is conceived as current capacity and distinct from effort
Describe task-involvement and ego-involvement in the achievement goal theory
- Task-involvement - self-referenced perceptions of competence, focus on learning, personal progress
- Ego-involvement - other-referenced perceptions of competence, focus on outperforming others
What are the values of task-orientation?
- Stronger work ethic
- Persistence in the face of failure
- Optimal performance
- Based on maximum effort
- Set moderately challenging goals
- Linked to intrinsic motivation
What are the problems with ego-orientation?
- If low perceived competence -
- Drop out
- Reduce efforts
- Make excuses
- Select tasks that guarantee success/failure
- Self-handicapping
What are some of the best methods of goal setting?
- Set specific goals
- Set moderately challenging but realistic goals
- Set performance, process and outcome goals
- Set long term and short term goals
- Set practice and competition goals
- Record goals
- Provide evaluation and feedback
- Develop strategies
- Consider participants personality and motivations
What are process goals?
Focus on the actions of an individual must engage in during performance to execute or perform well
What was the conclusion in Filby et al. (1999)
- Using a combination of outcome, performance and process goals, produced a significantly better performance than simply relying on one type of goal
- Performers need to prioritise different types of goals at different times (eg competition vs practice)
What are some of the results of different types of goals?
- Outcome goals can facilitate short-term motivation but may lead to anxiety before and during competition
- Performance and process goals are less dependent on the behaviour of others, and are useful before or during competition
- Too much focus on a specific goal (eg running a PB) can create anxiety
Define multidimensional anxiety
The negative emotional state comprised of feelings of nervousness and worry, and associated with activation or arousal of the body
What are some symptoms of anxiety?
- Dry mouth
- Cold, clammy hands
- Inability to concentrate
- Profuse sweating
- Headache
- Feeling ill
Briefly describe the 3 components of anxiety
- Cognitive (mental) - worries and concerns, negative thoughts
- Somatic (physical) - nervous, tension
- Behavioural - rushing, poor coordination
How can anxiety be measured?
- Competitive state anxiety inventory - 2 (CSAI-2)
- Measures cognitive anxiety, somatic anxiety and self-confidence
- 27 items, 3 subscales of questions
Describe facilitative and debilitative anxiety
- Facilitative - control, positive expectancies of ability to cope
- Debilitative - no control, negative
- Elite athletes are more likely to interpret anxiety as facilitative compared to novices
