Individual Differences - Chapter 12 Content Flashcards
Define individual differences
stable patterns of performance that differ qualitatively and or quantitatively across individuals
Define the multiple intelligence theory
This describes that there is many different ways in which students acquire and learn information. Such as using words, pictures, numbers, music, etc.
What are bilingual people faced with?
They are regularly faced with the task of attending to one set of labels for objects, or methods of expression, while simultaneously ignoring labels from their other known language.
What does a change in ageing cause?
Significant age differences in memory exist for lists of words or text and details about the context in which items are initially experienced. your episodic and working memory will decline with age, all conscious and deliberate processes will decline.
What do seniors rely on to help with their memory?
They rely on their environmental support, such as external aids, hints, category heading, and such to help structure their search in memory for the correct response.
What parts of the brain are found to have changed as your get older?
1) reduction in brain volume (grey and white matter)
2) synaptic degeneration (preparing neural connections is not as fast and efficient)
3) reductions in cerebral blow flow to the brain
What activities in cognition do older adults show more activity in versus younger adults?
They show more brain activity in the frontal lobe during episodic encoding and retrieval, working memory, perception, and inhibitory control. When presented with the same task, young people will use their right frontal lobe, and some older people will use the same region but have to work much harder at it. Where some older people will show activation in homologous bilateral parts of the brain in the frontal lobe. This shows that the brain can adapt to remain at high functioning.
What are key things to know about experts vs. novices?
1)With equal exposure, experts will perceive more distinction, more than a novice would
2) they differ in their conceptual representation of information and problem-solving
3) when both are presented with randomness that has no meaning, they will be thinking on the same level
What processes with remain intact as you age?
Semantic memory for names, labels and vocabulary with remain the same and maybe even increase over your life.
How does exercise help with ageing?
It shows that very little physical activity a couple of times a week can help maintain cognitive abilities, such as memory when you are getting older. It can also help to prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
What are the 3 main points with differences in sexes?
1)There is a mean difference between males vs. females, but they are largely overlapping
2) FIle drawer problem (stuff that doesn’t get published) because some stuff shows there is no difference, null hypothesis
3) experimenter expectancy effect (ingrained expectation can change how we study sexes)
What is the typical finding for males vs. females?
Women outperform men on tasks involving receptive and productive language (verbal fluency), whereas men outperform women on tasks assessing visuospatial processing (spatial processing).
*these advantages are only present when it involve rapid processing
What are the 2 theories that try to explain why sex differences exist?
1) Socialization factors: how kids are brought up in childhood with reading, communication, video games and etc. differ for males and female
2) Lateralization: males tend to be more lateralized (language in 1 hemisphere), whereas females tend to be bilateral (language in both hemispheres)
What are the 2 theories that try to explain why sex differences exist?
1) Socialization factors: how kids are brought up in childhood with reading, communication, video games and etc. differ for males and female
2) Lateralization: males tend to be more lateralized (language in 1 hemisphere), whereas females tend to be bilateral (language in both hemispheres)
