INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES

Question 1

Explain Id

Answer 1

Demands immediate satisfaction, governed by pleasure principal

Question 2

Explain Ego

Answer 2

Develops as a child interacts with he world, conscious rational part of personality

Question 3

Explain Superego

Answer 3

Morality principle, develops identification

Question 4

Describe the phallic stage

Answer 4

Starts age 3, ends age 5
Become interested in their genitals and find out they are pleasurable, experience guilt when told not to touch themselves
Psych deals with conflicts by repressing urges (defence mechanisms)
-over reliance leads to mental disorders

Question 5

Describe the Oedipus complex

Answer 5

Key element of Phallic stage
Child aware of different genitals (anatomic sex differences)= sexual attraction, rivalry, jealousy, etc
Boys, sexually desire their mother (father=rival)
Child scared + guilty- resolves conflict= identify with father, adopts his attributes

Question 6

Aim of Freuds study

Answer 6

Provide evidence to support is theory of psychosexual development, specific ally in regards to the Oedipus complex
Second aim was to explain developments of a phobia towards horses in a five year old boy

Question 7

What was Freuds sample?

Answer 7

One boy- ‘little Hans’

Son of Freuds friends

Question 8

What was the method used for Freud?

Answer 8

Case study
Self reports, over two years
Letters written by his father explaining his dreams

Question 9

What happened to Hans at age 5?

Answer 9

Started having an irrational fear of horse, Freud believed this would be due to him having been frightened by a large penis

Question 10

What were Freuds initial explanation of Hans; phobia?

Answer 10

Thought he was experiencing Oedipus complex as his ego couldn’t deal with the constant anxiety, he claimed Hans had projected his fears of his father onto horses

Question 11

What did Hans do at age 4 1/2?

Answer 11

Attempted to seduce mother during his daily bath when she was powdering around his penis
Hans said ‘why don’t you put your finger up there?’
His mother responded ‘it’s not proper’
Indicating sexual desires towards his mother

Question 12

What scared Hans about the horses?

Answer 12

The black around there eyes and mouth- glasses and moustache

Question 13

What happened when Hans became jealous of his sister?

Answer 13

Became obsessed with ‘lumf’ (faeces), imaginary friend called ‘Lodi’- symbolised lumf
Freud believed this was because Hans was concerned with how his mother produced a baby from her stomach and pushed it out- the way she would defecate

Question 14

Explanations of Freud

Answer 14

Black around horses eyes and mouth, glasses and moustache, sexual fantasies towards mother therefore feared his fathers’ retaliation
Mental illnesses are caused by over reliance of defence mechanisms
Talking therapy is an effective treatment for mental disorders
Identification with father meant Hans resolved inner conflicts which caused phobia to disappear

Question 15

Background of Baron-cohen

Answer 15

Autism is a pervasive disorder, meaning affects more than one aspect of behaviour
Characterised as having triad of impairments:
1. socialisation and communication
2. language
3. imagination
Sally Anne test used on children to show how having autism means you lack theory of mind, developed eye task for adults

Question 16

Aims for Baron-Cohen

Answer 16

Show adults with autism lack advanced theory of mind

To test genetic differences in theory of mind

Question 17

What was the method used by Baron-Cohen?

Answer 17

Quasi (spectrum, Tourette’s or neurotypical)

Question 18

Sample for Baron-Cohen

Answer 18

Spectrum- 16 adults (13 M and 3 F)
Tourette’s- 10 (8 M and 2 F)
Neurotypical- 50 adults (25 M and 25 F)
Tourette’s syndrome individuals used as control comparison group to show that, even though they have a neurotypical disorder, lacking theory of mind is a cognitive defect of autism disorder an no other neurological disorder

Question 19

What were the variables used in BC

Answer 19

IV- the group the P belonged to

DV- score on the 4 tests

Question 20

What was the first task for BC?

Answer 20

Eye task:
Look at set of eyes
Each set, two words- one target, one foil
Eyes selected through magazines, 4 judges generated target and foil words
To further check validity, 8 independent judges had to decide from the types of words till 100% agreement

Question 21

What was the second task for BC?

Answer 21

Happe’s strange stories:

Involving answering Qs on a selection of short stories about a characters thoughts

Question 22

Example of a Happe’s strange story

Answer 22

Child coughs throughout lunch
Her father says “poor Emma, you must have a frog in your throat”
Children with autism would think this statement is literally true

Question 23

Third task for BC

Answer 23

Gender task (control task- only experimental group completed):
Identifying gender of eyes used in the eye task
Involves facial perception

Question 24

Fourth task for BC

Answer 24

Basic emotion task (control):
Judge emotions of whole faces on six basic emotions
-happy, sad, angry, afraid, disgust, surprise

Question 25

Results for eye task

Answer 25

Mean /25
Autism- 16.3
Tourette’s- 20.4
Neurotypical- 20.3

Question 26

Results for Happe’s strange stories

Answer 26

Ps with Tourette’s and neurotypical did not make any errors but Ps with autism made mistakes
Concurrent validity between this and the eye task

Question 27

Results for Gender and emotional control tasks

Answer 27

No differences between groups

Question 28

Results for second aim whether there are gender differences in theory of mind skills

Answer 28

Eye task:
Mean /25
Males- 18.8
Females- 21.8

Question 29

Aim for Hancock

Answer 29

Examine the language characteristics of psychopaths (when describing their crimes) on three major traits

Question 30

What was the first major trait for H?

Answer 30

An instrumental/predatory world view
93% of homicides are premeditated, H hypothesised that this would be reflected through the use of more subordinating conjunctions like ;since’, ‘as’.
Explanatory and casually framed linguistic tools (associated with cause and effect)

Question 31

What was the second major trait for H?

Answer 31

Use of socioeconomic needs when discussing their crimes

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs- psychopaths more concerned about satisfying basic needs rather than higher level needs

Question 32

Maslows hierarchy of needs

Answer 32

Physiological, safety, love, esteem, self actualisation

Question 33

What was the third major trait for H?

Answer 33

Emotional deficit (previous research found that p have difficulty reading emotional faces and identifying expression)
Produce fewer intense words
More disfluencies- can’t explain crime in appropriate way
Use of past tense- distancing from and lack of personal responsibility

Question 34

What was the sample for H?

Answer 34

52 men (8 first degree, 32 second, 2 not specified)
Canadian prison- murder
All had confessed

Question 35

What was the method used by H?

Answer 35

Quasi
Self-report (semi-structured interview)
Ps asked to describe their crime in as much detail as possible, 25 min maximum

Question 36

How did H classify who was a psychopath and who wasn’t?

Answer 36

Used Hare’s psychopathy checklist- revised (PLC-R)
Score from 20 criteria, such as lack of remorse, superficial charm, irresponsibility
Max score= 40, cut off point=25 or above to be classified psychopath

Question 37

How did they check reliability from the Hare’s psychopathy checklist?

Answer 37

10 case files were recorded randomly and results showed a high level of agreement

Question 38

How many classified psychopaths were used in the study?

Answer 38

14

38 non-psychopaths