DEVELOPMENT PSYCHOLOGY Flashcards
For Bandura, what were the meditational processes?
- Attention (paying attention to the role model)
- Retention (remembering that behaviour)
- Motor reproduction (physically repeating behaviour)
- Motivation (reward acts as motivation)
What was the aim of Bandura’s study?
Demonstrate that if children were passive witnesses to an aggressive display by an adult they would imitate this aggressive behaviour when given the opportunity
What was the sample for Bandura?
- 36 boys, 36 girls
- aged between 37 and 69 months (mean age of 52 months)
- all attended a local nursery
- parents age consent
How did Bandura measure pre-existing levels of aggression?
People that ‘knew the children well’ gave them a score on how aggressive they are in the nursery
Inter-rater reliability
In Banduras study, what did they rate the pre- existing aggression on?
a) Physical aggression
b) Verbal aggression
c) Aggression towards inanimate objects
d) Aggression inhibition
What were the independent variables in Banduras study?
- the condition the children were exposed to
- the gender of the role model
- the gender of the child
What was stage one in Banduras study?
Observation
-watch role model interact with doll
What was stage two in Banduras study?
Mild arousal
- separate rooms containing toys (not bobo doll)
- told they are not allowed to play with the toys
What was stage three in Banduras study?
Observation of child
-taken into another room with more toys and bobo doll
What were the response measures in Banduras study?
a) Imitated aggression (verbal or physical)- saying ‘pow’ or hitting it
b) Partially imitated aggression (verbal or physical)
c) Non-imitated aggression (verbal or physical)
What were the results from Banduras study?
- children in aggressive model were more aggressive and aggression was mainly imitated
- boys made more aggressive responses than girls
- male model=more aggressive (boy), shows same sex imitation
- female model=verbal aggression from girls
What are explanations fo the findings in Banduras study?
> Appropriateness of the model- people only imitate behaviour that is seen as appropriate behaviour for the model
Eg: more accepted in Western cultures for men to be more aggressive than women
Similarity of model- boys were more likely to imitate aggressive male than a female role model
Evaluate Banduras study
P- Cause and effect established
E- Models behaviour effected how children behaved, aggressive model= aggressive child (eg: hitting bobo doll)
C- Gather more accurate conclusions, in room with no one else other than model (no ex. variables)
P- Replication
E- Lab experiment, 36 boys and girls, same behaviour checklist
C- Increase in external validity
P- Gather qualitative data
E- Time sample to gather data (5 seconds), same behaviour categories
C- Easy analysis
What was the aim of Chaneys study?
Show that the use of a novel asthma device ‘funhaler’, leads to positive reinforcement leading to improved adherence in young asthmatics
What was the method in Chaneys study?
Field experiment (in Australia) which used repeated measures IV= whether children used their regular inhaler or the funhaler DV= amount of adherence to the prescribed medical regime for asthma
What was Chaneys sample?
22 boys, 10 girls
1.5-6 years old
Parents completed questionnaires and took parting phone interviews
What was Chaneys procedure?
First questionnaire completed at stat, then at end |(2 week duration)
How was the ‘funhaler’ used to appeal children?
-attached to valve
-included a whistle, a ball that spun- can all be exchanged
=positive reinforcement for using the inhaler
What were the results from Chaneys study?
Adherence- 38% more parents successfully mediated their child
Technique of medication- 80% children took recommended four cycles, compared to 50% for normal inhaler
Children’s attitudes- positive, felt ‘happiness’ and ‘pleasure’ taking medication
What were similarities between Bandura and Chaneys study?
- all children
- base line test taken
- opportunity sampling (B- nursery, C- clinic)
What were differences between Bandura and Chaney?
B: -lab experiment -matched pairs C: -field experiment -repeated measures
What were strengths of Chaneys study?
P- Field experiment
E- In their homes in Australia
C- Increase ecological validity
P- Asked about adherence at random times
E- Parents unaware when they would receive the questionnaire
C- Decease demand characteristics
What were weaknesses of Chaneys study?
P- Not a balanced sample between girls and boys
E- 22 boys, 10 girls
C- More representative towards males
P- Didn’t use funhaler for long
E- 2 week duration
C- Unsure whether it is used due to novelty or not
According to Freud, what are the three parts of personality?
- id-selfish (as get older=repressed)
- super-ego (develops)
- ego (based on reality principle)
What are behaviourists beliefs about morality?
-learn through consequences
-external forces act and guide our behaviour (eg: parents)
>help understand what’s right and wrong
What are cognitive psychologists beliefs about morality?
-internal/ mental process
What was the aim of Kohlbergs study?
Investigate development in moral reasoning throughout adolescence and early adulthood
SECONDARY AIM:
-asses the extent to which these changes hold true in a range of cultural contexts
What was the sample for Kohlbergs study?
-75 American boys (androcentric)
-aged 10-16 (at the start), followed through three year intervals, until ages 22-28 (at the end of study)
>selected from a wide range of socio-economic backgrounds
-moral development studied in boys of other cultures
>eg: Great Britain, Canada, Mexico and Turkey
What were strengths of Kohlbergs sample?
- cross cultural
- large sample
What were weaknesses of Kohlbergs sample?
- only boys (androcentric)
- no one below aged 10, or above 28
Describe the Heinz dilemma
-expensive drug needed to save his wife from dying of cancer
-could only afford half of what its worth
-asks drug company owner to sell it for less as wife needs it, owner says no
>options:
-steal and not go to prison= ‘unfair’
-steal and go to prison
-don’t steal it
What were conclusions of Kohlbergs study?
- each stage of moral development comes at one time and always in the same order
- an individual may stop at any given stage and at any age
- universal
What are implications of Kolhbergs study?
- range of settings where ethical behaviour is considered important
- these range from personal, social and health education at school to military training
What was the aim of Lee’s study?
To compare cross cultural evaluations of lying and truth telling in situations involving pro-social and anti-social behaviours
What was the method for Lee’s study?
Quasi experiment, which used independent measures design
The naturally occurring IV was ethnicity
What independent variables were there in Lee’s study?
- whether the participant heard the social or physical story
- whether participants heard stories involving children who intentionally carried out a good deed (pro-social) or storied involving carrying out a bad deed (anti-social)
What were the four conditions with social stories and four with physical stories?
- Pro-social behaviour/ truth telling stories
- Pro-social behaviour/ lie telling stories
- Anti-social behaviour/ truth
- Anti-social behaviour/ lie
Had illustrations as-well, more accessible to lower reading ability
What were the dependent variables in Lee’s study?
- rating characters deeds
- rating what character said
- very, very good to very, very bad (children)
What was the sample for Lee’s study
120 Chinese children from elementary school, no info on socio-economic background exist in China
108 Canadian children, elementary, middle class
How did they minimise extraneous variables in Lee’s study?
Same story teller, read at the same pace and tone
What was the rating scale like for Lee?
Very, very good- 3 red stars Very good- 2 red stars Good- 1 red star Neither good not naughty- blue circle Naughty- 1 black cross Very naughty- 2 black crosses Very, very naughty- 3 black crosses
What were the results from Lee’s study?
-scores converted into numbers
-preliminary analyses of the effects of order and gender showed no significant difference so the data for these two variables were combined for subsequent analyses
-Chinese tended to rate truth-telling as less positive than Canadian Ps
>70% Chinese 11 year olds rated lying positively in prosocial situations, compared to 25% of Chinese 7 year olds
What were conclusions from Lee’s study?
- close relationship between socio-cultural practices and moral judgement exists
- Chinese children rated prosocial situations less positively and lie telling in the same situation less negatively than the Canadian children, Chinese had an emphasis on self-effacement and modesty
- both showed similar moral evaluation of lie-telling and truth-telling related to anti-social behaviour
What was a strength of Lee’s study?
P- able to control ex. variables
E- same story teller, so can control pace and tone
C- more reliable results;ts as more consistent, leading to more consistent evaluations
What was a weakness from Lee’s study?
P- story wasn’t told in a natural setting
E- lab experiment= artificial setting
C- decrease in ecological validity, can’t be generalised to real life situation
What is a strength of using quantitative data in Lee’s study?
P- one strength= easy to compare across conditions
E- rating scale, 7 point scale made from stars and crosses, converted to numbers
E- statistical analysis compare truth and lie telling between Canadians and Chinese conditions
C- statistics can show significant difference between groups- suggesting moral background has an effect on moral judgement or behaviour
What are similarities between Kohlberg and Lee?
- lab experiment
- children
- cross-cultural
- scenarios used
What are differences between Kohlberg and Lee?
K: -androcentric -qualitative data L: -male and female -cross sectional (done at the same time) -quasi experiment
