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Psychology 2A > Individual Differences > Flashcards

Individual Differences Flashcards

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1
Q

2010 Equality Act: 9 protected characteristics

A
  1. Religion/belief
  2. Disability
  3. Age
  4. Gender Re-Assignment
  5. Marriage/civil partnership
  6. pregnancy/maternity
  7. Race
  8. Sex
  9. Sexual orientation
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2
Q

Religion defined by Matthews (1996)

A

An organised system of beliefs, practices and symbols, designed to enable closeness to God

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3
Q

Religiousness defined by Levin & Schiller (1987)

A

The degree of one’s involvement and personal significance attached to such a system

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4
Q

Religious belief defined by Ellis (1980)

A

Belief in a divine or superhuman power or powers to be obeyed and worshipped as the creator(s) and ruler(s) of the universe

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5
Q

Dimensions of religions:

A

Faith, Rituals, Experiences, Religious knowledge, community

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6
Q

Intrinsic Religiosity

A

Living one’s religion -> deep personal belief in one’s religion

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7
Q

Extrinsic religiosity

A

religiosity as part of an in-group

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8
Q

Identified religiosity

A

Personal convictions deeply valued

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9
Q

Introjected religiosity

A

socially pressured beliefs, approval from others

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10
Q

New Religious movements

A

cults
provide sense of identity and belonging, commitment implies a sense of importance

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11
Q

backsliding in christianity

A

someone who converted to christianity reverting to pre conversion habits

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12
Q

Scrupulosity

A

Pathological guilt and anxiety about moral issues, usually related to religious beliefs. A subtype of OCD. Can be cognitive (pathological obsessions, moral ruminations, guilt), behavioural (compulsive confessions, rituals), affective (hopelessness, shame, uncertainty, anhedonia), Social (isolation)

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13
Q

mental contamination

A

Obsessive thought that can arise without coming into contact with a physical contaminant which results in perceived impurity, immorality or guilt

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14
Q

Adaptive perfectionism

A

Setting high goals and personal standards while retaining ability to be satisfied with one’s performance.

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15
Q

The Big 3

A

Psychoticism, Extroversion, Neuroticism

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16
Q

The Big 5

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

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17
Q

only protected characteristic with a duty of care to make reasonable adjustments

A

Disability

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18
Q

The “Invert U” relationship of the Yerkes Dodson Law

A

Degree of Arousal corresponds with performance level in an inverted U shape. from low arousal: sleep -> boredom -> moderately alert -> optimal -> stress -> panic -> freeze (high degree of arousal)

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19
Q

State anxiety

A

A temporary emotional state in response to the presence of threatening stimuli

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20
Q

Trait anxiety

A

characteristic pattern of heightened level of stimuli attributed to an internal condition of the individual

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21
Q

Generalised Anxiety disorder

A

Excessive and persistent worry over 6 months about many events/ activities;
trouble controlling worry;
restlessness, tires easily, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance;
significant impairment on daily life

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22
Q

Phobic Disorders

A

Persistent fear of an object/situation that is excessive/unreasonable and lasting over 6 months.

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23
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

a phobic disorder with a fear of social situations in which scrutiny is plausible and therefore evokes a fear of humiliation and negative self-appraisal. can include physical, cognitive and behavioural symptoms.

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24
Q

Attentional bias

A

selective allocation of attentional resources

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25
Q

state shyness

A

situation/state dependent shyness

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26
Q

trait shyness

A

relatively stable personality trait

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27
Q

publicly shy

A

overt expressions of discomfort

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28
Q

privately shy

A

appear overtly social, experience internal, bodily discomfort

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29
Q

social anxious shy

A

distress created by cognitive characteristics pertaining to SAD

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30
Q

Dyslexia

A

a learning difficulty/ reading disability involving reading/writing/spelling

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31
Q

surface (subtype of dyslexia)

A

difficulty reading irregular words

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32
Q

phonological (subtype of dyslexia)

A

difficulty reading pronounceable non-words

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33
Q

phonological representation

A

the mental representation of speech and its sounds

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34
Q

Rapid automised naming deficits

A

how easily one can retrieve and name a familiar visual stimulus and naming speed is measured

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35
Q

reading fluency deficits

A

lack in the ability to read rapidly, smoothly and effortlessly

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36
Q

Dyscalculia

A

learning difficulty relating to maths/arithmetics

37
Q

Type A personality

A

Time urgency, hurried, competitive, dislike wasting time, anger, hostility

38
Q

Type B personality

A

laid back, relaxed, hard workers when necessary, less compulsive, generally unhurried in their approach

39
Q

Type D

A

d - for distressed,
worrisome, low mood, pessimistic, easily irritated, lack of hope

40
Q

optimism

A

challenges are seen as setbacks and opportunity, hopeful and confident about the future

41
Q

pessimism

A

challenges as own fault, out of control

42
Q

optimistic bias

A

underestimating personal risks

43
Q

Sex

A

the biological and physiological characteristics that define male, female and intersex people

44
Q

Gender

A

the socially constructed rules, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men, women and non-binary people

45
Q

General intelligence (sex differences)

A

most studies show no sex differences in IQ
IQ is standardised to show no sex differences
men and women perform better in different categories

46
Q

verbal abilities (sex differencs)

A

women tend to outperform men

46
Q

spatial abilities (sex differences)

A

men perform consistently better in mental rotation. IRL, men are more likely to use cardinal directions and women landmarks and relative directions, which don’t work as well

47
Q

memory and attention (sex differences)

A

women seem more sensitive to some attentional cues and distractions. women better at remembering episodic memories

48
Q

object/person orientation (sex differences)

A

baron cohen: men are predisposed to objects and women to people

49
Q

extreme male variability

A

men typically display greater variability in traits than women

50
Q

Hemispheric asymmetry

A

men have greater asymmetric split than women

51
Q

stereotype threat

A

negative stereotypes negatively effect performance

52
Q

conscientiousness

A

the quality of wishing to do one’s work or duty well and thoroughly

53
Q

neuroticism

A

the trait disposition to experience negative affects (anger, anxiety, self-consciousness, irritability, emotional instability, depression)

54
Q

mean level stability

A

whether the absolute scores on each factor are stable

55
Q

rank order stability

A

whether a person’s ranking relative to their cohort is consistent over time

56
Q

homotypic stability

A

the degree to which people express the same thoughts, feelings, and behaviours over time (same manifestation across time, e.g. same level of sociability)

57
Q

heterotypic stability

A

consistent underlying personality traits that have different observable manifestations at different ages

58
Q

cohort effects

A

differences in personality that are related to historical and social factors unique to individuals born in a particular year (e.g. war, famine/pandemics/disease, social norms, technology, politics)

59
Q

Social vitality

A

sociability, positive affect and gregariousness

60
Q

social dominance

A

dominance, independence and self confidence

61
Q

Cumulative continuity principle

A

rank order consistency, the older you get the more consistent your personality is

62
Q

maturity principle of adult personality development

A

life experiences shape personality more than genetics

most people become more dominant, agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable over the course of their lives

63
Q

transformation

A

environment can change personality
important turning points: first romantic relationship, transition from school to college to work

64
Q

Corresponsive principle of personality development

A

the environment and personality interact to promote personality continuity (e.g. introverted people choose less social careers)
through attraction, selection, attrition, and manipulation

65
Q

Crystallised intelligence

A

Use of experience and knowledge, vocabulary, recognition, comprehension, problem-solving

66
Q

Fluid intelligence

A

information processing, reasoning, working memory, reaction time/processing speed

67
Q

Flynn effect

A

as a species we’re getting smarter - fluid intelligence is increasing, we perform better on old IQ tests now

68
Q

Cognitive stimulation hypothesis

A

hypothesis for explanation of flynn effect
we’re a more complex society, requires higher level of functioning
interaction of genetics and environment

69
Q

nutrition hypothesis

A

because of better nutrition our brains work better -> less people have really bad nutrition so there’s less low IQ scores

70
Q

Evolutionary theory for gender differences

A

Due to Sexual selection (One sex competes for the other) and parental investment (females have a higher investment due to bigger physical sacrifice) this leads to differences in men and women

71
Q

Cognitive Social Learning Theory for gender differences

A

Behaviour is shaped by reinforcement, punishment and imitation and therefore internalised gender norms shape behaviour

72
Q

Sociocultural theory for gender differences

A

Psychological differences between genders stem from social restrictions and opportunities

73
Q

larger Gender differences in egalitarian societies

A

bio explanation: men and women are freer to express evolved predispositions
social explanation: change of frame of reference from group to population
social learning reinforces gender patterns

74
Q

Gender roles

A

expectations and beliefs about the appropriate role for women and men

75
Q

Interest based predictors

A

people more interested in gender equality if they believe they would benefit from gender equality

76
Q

exposure based predictors

A

exposure to egalitarian ideas increases support for them

77
Q

Biological essentialism

A

the belief that the gender is assigned at birth according to sex characteristics

78
Q

Gender essentialism

A

Belief that members of a category share fundamental qualities that make them the way they are

79
Q

Kinsey scale

A

a rating scale from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual

80
Q

2D:4D digit ratio

A

the ratio lengths of the second to the fourth finger, which is inherited, is a rough index of the amount of testosterone to which the fetus was exposed

81
Q

Sexual configurations theory

A

a framework to conceptualise individuals sexuality based on their partner number, gender/sex sexuality and other aspects of sexuality (“type”, sexual roles, BDSM, etc) , all aspects can be weighted differently

82
Q

reduced vs increased systemacity account (bilingualism)

A

reduced: use of heuristics can make it easier and alleviate difficulties while speaking a second language
increased: but using a second language can increase distance and make more rational decisions

83
Q

moral foreign language effect

A

foreign language users are more likely to focus on consequences and have a reduced sensitivity to negative emotion

84
Q

Biculturalism

A

distinct from bilingualism
when someone belongs to two different cultures
shift in situation or context cultural frame switching

85
Q

complementary principle

A

bilinguals acquire and use their languages for different purposes, in different domains of life, with different people

86
Q

intelligence (Gottfredson)

A

Ability to reason, plan/solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly

87
Q

Genetic isopoint

A

most recent point in a given populations past such that each individual alive at that point either has no living descendants, or is the ancestor of every individual alive in the present

88
Q

Heritability

A

the proportion of variability in a phenotype that is accounted for by variation in the genotype
psychometric testing: heritability is the correlation between results of test takers and their biological parents

Psychology 2A (5 decks)

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