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Psychology 2A > Individual Differences > Flashcards

Individual Differences Flashcards

1
Q

2010 Equality Act: 9 protected characteristics

A
  1. Religion/belief
  2. Disability
  3. Age
  4. Gender Re-Assignment
  5. Marriage/civil partnership
  6. pregnancy/maternity
  7. Race
  8. Sex
  9. Sexual orientation
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2
Q

Religion defined by Matthews (1996)

A

An organised system of beliefs, practices and symbols, designed to enable closeness to God

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3
Q

Religiousness defined by Levin & Schiller (1987)

A

The degree of one’s involvement and personal significance attached to such a system

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4
Q

Religious belief defined by Ellis (1980)

A

Belief in a divine or superhuman power or powers to be obeyed and worshipped as the creator(s) and ruler(s) of the universe

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5
Q

Dimensions of religions:

A

Faith, Rituals, Experiences, Religious knowledge, community

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6
Q

Intrinsic Religiosity

A

Living one’s religion -> deep personal belief in one’s religion

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7
Q

Extrinsic religiosity

A

religiosity as part of an in-group

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8
Q

Identified religiosity

A

Personal convictions deeply valued

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9
Q

Introjected religiosity

A

socially pressured beliefs, approval from others

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10
Q

New Religious movements

A

cults
provide sense of identity and belonging, commitment implies a sense of importance

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11
Q

backsliding in christianity

A

someone who converted to christianity reverting to pre conversion habits

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12
Q

Scrupulosity

A

Pathological guilt and anxiety about moral issues, usually related to religious beliefs. A subtype of OCD. Can be cognitive (pathological obsessions, moral ruminations, guilt), behavioural (compulsive confessions, rituals), affective (hopelessness, shame, uncertainty, anhedonia), Social (isolation)

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13
Q

mental contamination

A

Obsessive thought that can arise without coming into contact with a physical contaminant which results in perceived impurity, immorality or guilt

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14
Q

Adaptive perfectionism

A

Setting high goals and personal standards while retaining ability to be satisfied with one’s performance.

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15
Q

The Big 3

A

Psychoticism, Extroversion, Neuroticism

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16
Q

The Big 5

A

Openness, Conscientiousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism

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17
Q

only protected characteristic with a duty of care to make reasonable adjustments

A

Disability

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18
Q

The “Invert U” relationship of the Yerkes Dodson Law

A

Degree of Arousal corresponds with performance level in an inverted U shape. from low arousal: sleep -> boredom -> moderately alert -> optimal -> stress -> panic -> freeze (high degree of arousal)

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19
Q

State anxiety

A

A temporary emotional state in response to the presence of threatening stimuli

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20
Q

Trait anxiety

A

characteristic pattern of heightened level of stimuli attributed to an internal condition of the individual

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21
Q

Generalised Anxiety disorder

A

Excessive and persistent worry over 6 months about many events/ activities;
trouble controlling worry;
restlessness, tires easily, irritability, muscle tension, sleep disturbance;
significant impairment on daily life

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22
Q

Phobic Disorders

A

Persistent fear of an object/situation that is excessive/unreasonable and lasting over 6 months.

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23
Q

Social anxiety disorder

A

a phobic disorder with a fear of social situations in which scrutiny is plausible and therefore evokes a fear of humiliation and negative self-appraisal. can include physical, cognitive and behavioural symptoms.

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24
Q

Attentional bias

A

selective allocation of attentional resources

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25
state shyness
situation/state dependent shyness
26
trait shyness
relatively stable personality trait
27
publicly shy
overt expressions of discomfort
28
privately shy
appear overtly social, experience internal, bodily discomfort
29
social anxious shy
distress created by cognitive characteristics pertaining to SAD
30
Dyslexia
a learning difficulty/ reading disability involving reading/writing/spelling
31
surface (subtype of dyslexia)
difficulty reading irregular words
32
phonological (subtype of dyslexia)
difficulty reading pronounceable non-words
33
phonological representation
the mental representation of speech and its sounds
34
Rapid automised naming deficits
how easily one can retrieve and name a familiar visual stimulus and naming speed is measured
35
reading fluency deficits
lack in the ability to read rapidly, smoothly and effortlessly
36
Dyscalculia
learning difficulty relating to maths/arithmetics
37
Type A personality
Time urgency, hurried, competitive, dislike wasting time, anger, hostility
38
Type B personality
laid back, relaxed, hard workers when necessary, less compulsive, generally unhurried in their approach
39
Type D
d - for distressed, worrisome, low mood, pessimistic, easily irritated, lack of hope
40
optimism
challenges are seen as setbacks and opportunity, hopeful and confident about the future
41
pessimism
challenges as own fault, out of control
42
optimistic bias
underestimating personal risks
43
Sex
the biological and physiological characteristics that define male, female and intersex people
44
Gender
the socially constructed rules, behaviours, activities and attributes that a given society considers appropriate for men, women and non-binary people
45
General intelligence (sex differences)
most studies show no sex differences in IQ IQ is standardised to show no sex differences men and women perform better in different categories
46
verbal abilities (sex differencs)
women tend to outperform men
46
spatial abilities (sex differences)
men perform consistently better in mental rotation. IRL, men are more likely to use cardinal directions and women landmarks and relative directions, which don't work as well
47
memory and attention (sex differences)
women seem more sensitive to some attentional cues and distractions. women better at remembering episodic memories
48
object/person orientation (sex differences)
baron cohen: men are predisposed to objects and women to people
49
extreme male variability
men typically display greater variability in traits than women
50
Hemispheric asymmetry
men have greater asymmetric split than women
51
stereotype threat
negative stereotypes negatively effect performance
52
conscientiousness
the quality of wishing to do one's work or duty well and thoroughly
53
neuroticism
the trait disposition to experience negative affects (anger, anxiety, self-consciousness, irritability, emotional instability, depression)
54
mean level stability
whether the absolute scores on each factor are stable
55
rank order stability
whether a person's ranking relative to their cohort is consistent over time
56
homotypic stability
the degree to which people express the same thoughts, feelings, and behaviours over time (same manifestation across time, e.g. same level of sociability)
57
heterotypic stability
consistent underlying personality traits that have different observable manifestations at different ages
58
cohort effects
differences in personality that are related to historical and social factors unique to individuals born in a particular year (e.g. war, famine/pandemics/disease, social norms, technology, politics)
59
Social vitality
sociability, positive affect and gregariousness
60
social dominance
dominance, independence and self confidence
61
Cumulative continuity principle
rank order consistency, the older you get the more consistent your personality is
62
maturity principle of adult personality development
life experiences shape personality more than genetics most people become more dominant, agreeable, conscientious, and emotionally stable over the course of their lives
63
transformation
environment can change personality important turning points: first romantic relationship, transition from school to college to work
64
Corresponsive principle of personality development
the environment and personality interact to promote personality continuity (e.g. introverted people choose less social careers) through attraction, selection, attrition, and manipulation
65
Crystallised intelligence
Use of experience and knowledge, vocabulary, recognition, comprehension, problem-solving
66
Fluid intelligence
information processing, reasoning, working memory, reaction time/processing speed
67
Flynn effect
as a species we're getting smarter - fluid intelligence is increasing, we perform better on old IQ tests now
68
Cognitive stimulation hypothesis
hypothesis for explanation of flynn effect we're a more complex society, requires higher level of functioning interaction of genetics and environment
69
nutrition hypothesis
because of better nutrition our brains work better -> less people have really bad nutrition so there's less low IQ scores
70
Evolutionary theory for gender differences
Due to Sexual selection (One sex competes for the other) and parental investment (females have a higher investment due to bigger physical sacrifice) this leads to differences in men and women
71
Cognitive Social Learning Theory for gender differences
Behaviour is shaped by reinforcement, punishment and imitation and therefore internalised gender norms shape behaviour
72
Sociocultural theory for gender differences
Psychological differences between genders stem from social restrictions and opportunities
73
larger Gender differences in egalitarian societies
bio explanation: men and women are freer to express evolved predispositions social explanation: change of frame of reference from group to population social learning reinforces gender patterns
74
Gender roles
expectations and beliefs about the appropriate role for women and men
75
Interest based predictors
people more interested in gender equality if they believe they would benefit from gender equality
76
exposure based predictors
exposure to egalitarian ideas increases support for them
77
Biological essentialism
the belief that the gender is assigned at birth according to sex characteristics
78
Gender essentialism
Belief that members of a category share fundamental qualities that make them the way they are
79
Kinsey scale
a rating scale from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual
80
2D:4D digit ratio
the ratio lengths of the second to the fourth finger, which is inherited, is a rough index of the amount of testosterone to which the fetus was exposed
81
Sexual configurations theory
a framework to conceptualise individuals sexuality based on their partner number, gender/sex sexuality and other aspects of sexuality ("type", sexual roles, BDSM, etc) , all aspects can be weighted differently
82
reduced vs increased systemacity account (bilingualism)
reduced: use of heuristics can make it easier and alleviate difficulties while speaking a second language increased: but using a second language can increase distance and make more rational decisions
83
moral foreign language effect
foreign language users are more likely to focus on consequences and have a reduced sensitivity to negative emotion
84
Biculturalism
distinct from bilingualism when someone belongs to two different cultures shift in situation or context cultural frame switching
85
complementary principle
bilinguals acquire and use their languages for different purposes, in different domains of life, with different people
86
intelligence (Gottfredson)
Ability to reason, plan/solve problems, think abstractly, comprehend complex ideas, learn quickly
87
Genetic isopoint
most recent point in a given populations past such that each individual alive at that point either has no living descendants, or is the ancestor of every individual alive in the present
88
Heritability
the proportion of variability in a phenotype that is accounted for by variation in the genotype psychometric testing: heritability is the correlation between results of test takers and their biological parents

Psychology 2A (5 decks)

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