Individual Differences

Question 1

Hancock - aim

Answer 1

To investigate whether psychopaths use language in ways that are different from non - psychopaths use language

Question 2

Hancock - sample

Answer 2

52 males being held in prison in Canada for murder :
- 14 were classed as psychopaths
- 38 were classes as non - psychopaths

Question 3

Hancock - procedure

Answer 3

All participants were interviewed individually and asked to describe what happened during the murder. These interviews were typed up as transcripts - every detail typed
2 computer programs - w matrix - corpus of all the serial killer trans scripts against the others
- DAL - individually assessed pleasantness and intensity of emotional language

Question 4

Hancock - findings

Answer 4

Dysfluncies - 33% more um and ah - effort to be more positive
Psychological distancing - more words in the past tense - distancing from the crime

Question 5

Baron - cohen - aim

Answer 5

To investigate whether adults with autism still experience a deficit of theory of mind
To develop a new advanced way of testing theory of mind - appropriate to adults - no ceiling effect

Question 6

Baron - Cohen - sample

Answer 6

16 adults with either autism or Asperger’s - 13 male , 3 female
50 ‘normal’ adults - 25 males , 25 female - Cambridge Uk - control group
10 adults with Tourette’s syndrome- 8 male , 2 female

Question 7

Baron- Cohen - procedure

Answer 7

Reading the mind task - 25 pairs of eyes - pick from 2 semantically opposite words/ phases to best describe what the person was thinking or feeling - also HAPPES strange stories - developed for 8-9 year olds - ceiling effects
Autistic participants were also asked to identify the gender of the people in the people in the eyes task and recognise the 6 basic emotions from photos of whole faces

Question 8

Baron - Cohen - findings

Answer 8

Adults with autism did worse in the eye task - mean 16.3/25 than either normal adults -20.3/25 or adults with Tourette’s -20.4/25 - suggesting theory of mind persists into adulthood for people with autism

Question 9

Freud - background

Answer 9

The oral stage
The anal stage

Question 10

Freud - key terms

Answer 10

Oedipus complex

Question 11

Freud - aims

Answer 11

To document the case of ‘little hans ‘ , a boy who was going through the phallic stage of development , and confirm Freud’s theory

Question 12

Freud - research methods

Answer 12

Case study , self report - longitudinal- only involved one participant who was studied in detail over 3 years

Question 13

Freud - findings - horses biting him

Answer 13

Hans has a concern his widdler let would be cut off - castration anxiety- mothers threats to cut it off
Fearful of horses due to over hearing some say - don’t put your finger in the white horse or it’ll bite you

Question 14

Freud - findings - fearful of horses

Answer 14

The horse represents Hans father

Question 15

Freud - findings - fearful of carts

Answer 15

Hans father asked him - when the horse fell down did you think of daddy ? - Hans replied - perhaps . Yes it’s possible - seen as desire for his father to die so he can have his mum to himself

Question 16

Freud - findings - baths / drowning

Answer 16

Interpreted as arising from a death wish against his sister - Hans hoped that his mum would drown her so he would have his mum to himself
Young children can be scared of water

Question 17

Gould/ Yerkes - Background

Answer 17

Yerkes wanted to show intelligence could be measured scientifically

Question 18

Yerkes aim

Answer 18

Wanted psychology to be considered a science - interested in the field of mental testing

Question 19

Yerkes sample

Answer 19

1.75 million men in the US military - opportunity

Question 20

Yerkes mental tests

Answer 20

Alpha - English as a first language
Beta - English as a second language

Question 21

Problems with the mental tests

Answer 21

American / western life based questions / ethnocentric
Few skills / aspects of intelligence tested , length of time in us would influence the score
Many had never seen or held pencils

Question 22

How Yerkes mental tests were meant to be administered

Answer 22

Men who were defined as illiterate took the beta test
Those that failed the alpha test took the beta test

Question 23

Problems with how the test were administered

Answer 23

Illiterate definition changed across camps
Beta queues were too long - some never completed them and there alpha tests counted as 0
Stressful / rushed situation for all

Question 24

Findings for Yerkes

Answer 24

Average mental age of white American adult was 13 - black people scored the lowest

Question 25

Yerkes interpretation

Answer 25

Prove innate native intelligence

Question 26

How Yerkes finding could have been interpreted

Answer 26

Culturally biased questions - unfamiliar equipment - black people - poorer schooling, lower social class

Question 27

What Gould would conclude about Yerkes research

Answer 27

Misuse of science
Major harm to soldiers and people fleeing persecution
Yerkes failed to see alternative explanations for the facts