Cognitive Flashcards
Loftus and Palmer - sample
1 - 45 students from the university of Washington , Seattle - split into 5 groups
2- 150 students split into 3 groups of 50
Loftus and Palmer - verbs
Smashed
Collided
Bumped
Hit
Contacted
Loftus and Palmer - results - ex 1
Smashed - 40.8 mph
Collided - 39.3 mph
Contacted - 31.8 mph
Loftus and Palmer - conclusion - 1
Participants are not good at estimating speeds of moving vehicles . The intensity of the verb impacts our speed estimates
Loftus and palmer - 2
Broken glass - a week later
Loftus and Palmer - results - 2
Smashed - yes - 16 - no - 34
Hit - yes - 7 - no - 43
Control - yes - 6 - no - 44
Loftus and Palmer - conclusion - 2
No broken glass was shown in the video ; therefore any reports are due to reconstructed memory as a result of a leading question
Loftus and Palmer - reliability
Internal - yes , replicable - clear number of controls
Loftus and Palmer - validity
Not ecologically valid
Not that generalisable - students
Moray - key terms
Cocktail party effect
Dichroic listening
Shadowing
Affective instruction
No - affective instruction
Moray - experiment 1 - sample
Undergraduate students at Oxford of both sexes
Moray - experiment 1 - procedure
A short list of simple words was spoken 35 times as the rejected or blocked message. At the end of the shadowing task participants were asked to recall all they could remember from the rejected message - recognition test - 21 words - 7 from shadowed - 7 from rejected - 7 similar but not in
Moray - experiment 1 - results
7 words taken from the shadowed passage - 4.9
7 words taken from the list in the rejected message - 1.9
7 similar words that appeared in neither passage - 2.6
Moray - experiment 1 - conclusion
Almost none of the verbal content of the rejected message is able to penetrate the block set up
Moray - experiment 2 - aim
Found out that little to information pass through the inattentive barrier - wanted to find out what could break it - would a message with a strong enough meaning to the participant break the barrier
Moray - experiment 2 - sample
12 participants
Moray - experiment 2 - procedure
Participant name - affective
Two passages of light fiction were heard in each ear - both passages instructions - monotone 130 words per minute by a male voice
Moray - experiment 2 - results
Number of times the affective instruction was presented in the rejected passage - 39
Number of times the affective instruction was heard - 20
Number of times the non affective instruction was said - 36
Number of time the non affective instruction was heard - 4
Moray - experiment 3 - aim
Would prior warning about what that would be asked change what participants might hear ?
Moray - experiment 3 - sample
Two groups of 14 participants
Moray - experiment 3 - procedure
Participants were asked to shadow the dichroic message - variety of messages - number towards the end - numbers in both - number only in shadowed - numbers in rejected - no numbers
Moray - experiment 3 - results
No significant results found . Numbers not important enough to break through
Simon and Chabris -background
Computer based dynamic displays
Video based dynamic events
Simon and chabris - aims
Confirm inattentional blindness occurs in realistic complex situations
Simon and chabris - sample
228 observers - almost all undergraduate students - Harvard based - reward - candy bar or single payment
Simon and Chabris- video clip controls
Same actors , same day , same location
Each video lasted 75 seconds
2 teams with 3 players - white team and black team
Unexpected event occurs between 44 and 48 seconds
Simon and Chabris- IVs
Opaque or transparent
Black team or white team
Easy or hard
Gorilla or umbrella women
Simon and Chabris- results
47% level of unattentional blindness
54% of participants did see the unexpected event
Grant - aims
To test for context dependency effects caused by the presence or absence of noise during learning and retrieval of meaningful material
Grant - sample
Snowball - 8 psychology students from a psychology class acted as experimenters and each recruited 5 acquaintances as participants- 39 participants were recorded - aged 17-56 years old
Grant - test conditions / procedure
Silent, silent
Noisy noisy
Noisy silent
Silent noisy
Recognition- multiple choice
Recall - short answer
Grant - results
Recall - out of 10 - ss - 6.7 - ns - 5.4 - sn -4.6 - nn - 6.2
Recognition- out of 16 - ss - 14.3 - ns -12.7 - ns -12.7 - nn- 14.3
Grant - conclusion
There are context - dependency effects for newly learned meaningful material - best performance in an environment with the same level of noise
