Individual Counselling Approaches Flashcards
Individual Counselling
- psychotherapy
- brief solution-focused therapies
- feminist approach
- narrative therapy
- confrontation
Psychotherapy Overview
- Broad title for a host of talk therapies
- The belief that substance abuse is a function of some underlying psychopathology
- Attempts to facilitate a major personality change through personal insights, relying on historic events, major life developmental stages, and traumas as a guide
traditional models of psychotherapy
- psychoanalytic therapy : (freud and jung)
- client-entered therapy: (rogers)
- Existential Therapy (May, Frankl)
- Transactional Analysis (Berne)
- Reality Therapy (Glasser)
Therapeutic Goals of psychoanalytic therapy
To reconstruct the personality; to promote insight; to make the unconscious conscious; to resolve internal conflicts; to understand the effect of early experience upon adult functioning
Therapeutic Goals of Client-Centred Therapy
To experience and accept aspects of self formerly denied or distorted; to encourage personal growth; to trust the self and remain open to experience; to maximize self awareness and self actualization
Therapeutic Goals of Client-Centred Therapy
To experience and accept aspects of self formerly denied or distorted; to encourage personal growth; to trust the self and remain open to experience; to maximize self awareness and self actualization
Methodology of psychoanalytic therapy
Free association; dream analysis; interpretation; reconstruction of early experience and analysis of its present influence; study of client’s feelings toward therapist as revealer of current interpersonal difficulties
Methodology of Client-Centred Therapy
Creation of a safe climate in which client can explore self-functioning;
communicate qualities of the therapist, warmth, respect, genuine regard for client and to the client to promote realistic self-appraisal and personal growth; communicate empathic understanding to client to promote self-awareness
Therapeutic Goals of Existential Therapy (May, Frankl)
To accept responsibility for one’s own life and choices; to discover meaning in life; to gain freedom by removing blocks to self awareness and fulfilling potential; to clarify values
Therapeutic Goals of Transactional Analysis (Berne)
To re-examine decisions and to make new ones based on accurate perceptions; to recognize the influence upon behaviour and attitudes of parts of the personality; to improve interpersonal relationships
Methodology of Existential Therapy (May, Frankl)
Elicit client’s being-in-the-world; establish a genuine encounter between therapist and client; examine choices client has made; lead client to make independent choices and adopt own unique values
Methodology of Transactional Analysis (Berne)
Analyze social transactions between individuals, especially games people play; psychodrama and role playing; explore consequences of commitment to adopting a rigid life pattern (script)
Therapeutic Goals of Reality Therapy (Glasser)
To learn to appraise the self and the world realistically; to develop a success identity; to develop the capacity to make and carry out plans for reaching realistic goals
methodology of Reality Therapy (Glasser)
Therapist requires client to face reality and to make value judgements about his own behaviour; determine specific desirable behaviour changes; commit client to following through upon behaviour changes; promote sense of personal responsibility
Contemporary Psychotherapy
► Strengths-based approach
► Six principles:
1. Clients with addiction issues can recover, reclaim, and transform their lives
2. Focus is on individual strengths, not deficits
3. Community is viewed as an oasis of resources
4. Client is the director of the helping process
5. Worker-client relationship is primary and essential
6. Primary setting for work is the community, not a residential facility
Brief Solution-Focused Therapies
- directed by councellor
- Uses client’s strengths to build a solution; goals are typically practical and concrete.
- Parsimonious approach, i.e., counsellor is encouraged to take the most direct route to a solution, using the simplest and least invasive treatment option.
common components of Solution-Focused Therapies: FRAMES
- FEEDBACK of personal risk due to alcohol/drug use.
- Emphasis on personal RESPONSIBILTY of the patient.
- ADVICE to change drinking behaviour.
- A MENU of options to reduce drinking/drug use.
- EMAPTHIC counselling.
- SELF-EFFICACY for the client.
Process of Solution-Focused Therapies
- Welcome and engage
- Statement of complaint
- exceptions to complaint
- goals to achieve
- solutions to achieve goals
- design homework
- deliver message to support homework completion
Feminist Approach
- Integrates the bio-psycho-social approach to addiction with the person-in-environment context, along with empowerment principles and practice.
key constructs of Feminist Approach counselling
- the personal is political
- choice
- equalization of power
- consciousness raising
- social and gender-role analysis
- resocialization
- social activism
Narrative Therapy
- The use of the label “alcoholic” or “addict” increases the importance of the substance so that it becomes the central focus of a person’s life story
- goal is to externalize the drug use, shifting away from such labels. Clients begin to see themselves as other than simply an addict, allowing them to focus on other options and resolutions to their excessive use of drugs
- ## Collaboratively with the counsellor, the client discovers alternative storylines
counsellor focus of Narrative Therapy
- the meaning people make of their lives
- The language used in creating meaning.
- The power relationships in which the client is involved
Internalized Client Issues
Problem Internalized within Client:
- The person is the problem
- something wrong with the client
- expert is needed to explain clients behaviour
- counsellor is the expert
- oppression is not a theme
- the focus of counselling is the clients problem
- Counsellor reorders the client’s personality
Externalized Client Issues
Problem Externalized from Client:
- The problem is the problem
- The problem is external to the client’s self-identity
- client can provide their own interpretation of self
- client is expert of their own life
- Counselling examines culture, race, gender, sex, class, ability, and sexual orientation
- Counselling focuses upon distinguishing the client’s from the problem
- client re-authors their own story
Primary Themes in Narrative Therapy
- Realities are socially constructed
- Realities are constituted through language
- Narrative organizes and maintains reality
- There are no essential truths
- Our lives are storied
- Identity is generated through stories
- People are not problems
- Problems are to be externalized
- Deconstruct problems
Johnson Model of Intervention
believed that only through the creation of a crisis state that people would be adequately motivated to change and that by precipitating a crisis by a forceful confrontation this process could be enhanced
- assumes The addict/alcoholic can only be reached by a “dynamite” charge
- assumes Verbal confrontation is the most effective means of engaging and changing addictive behaviour
- Addiction is a primary disease that is chronic, progressive, and fatal and that without intervention the “addict” will die
- Each member of the intervention circle prepares an individualized formal letter written directly to the addict, outlining the person’s drug using behaviour, its direct impact on the letter writer, and actions if drug use does not stop and treatment is not sought
- Meeting with addict under supervision of counsellor; refining of letters
- Intervention takes place: Addict agrees to stop or consequences will be implemented.
