Individual & Community Behaviour

Question 1

This approach to health promotion is based on the assumption that humans are rational decision-makers, this approach relies heavily upon the provision of information about risks and benefits of certain behaviours.

a. behaviour change approach
b. community development approach
c. biomedical approach
d. none of these

Answer 1

a. behaviour change approach

Question 2

This approach to health promotion aims to improve and promote health by addressing socioeconomic and environmental determinants of health within the community.

a. behaviour change approach
b. community development approach
c. biomedical approach
d. none of these

Answer 2

b. community development approach

Question 3

This approach to health promotion is synonymous with health education as it aims to increase individuals’ knowledge about the causes of health and illness.

a. behaviour change approach
b. community development approach
c. biomedical approach
d. none of these

Answer 3

a. behaviour change approach

Question 4

______ refers to the application of consumer-oriented marketing techniques in the design, implementation and evaluation of programmes aimed towards influencing behaviour change.

a. Health education
b. Social marketing
c. Consumer health
d. none of these

Answer 4

b. Social marketing

Question 5

Which of the following is a criticism of the behaviour change approach to health promotion?

a. It is unable to target the major causes of ill health.
b. The choice of which behaviour to target lies with ‘experts’ whose task it is to communicate and justify this choice to the public.
c. The behaviour change paradigm does not address the many variables other than cognitions that influence human actions.
d. all of these

Answer 5

d. all of these

Question 6

Which of the following is a characteristic of the community development approach to health promotion?

a. Improving individual attitudes and beliefs are key to successful health promotion.
b. There is a close relationship between individual health and its social and material contexts, thus are relevant when developing initiatives for change.
c. Individuals need to change personal behaviour rather than to change the environment to promote health.
d. all of these

Answer 6

b. There is a close relationship between individual health and its social and material contexts, thus are relevant when developing initiatives for change.

Question 7

Behaviour(al) setting

Answer 7

The social and physical setting within which a certain behaviour is expected.

Question 8

Cues to action

Answer 8

reminders or prompts to take action consistent with an intention; cues may be internal (e.g., feeling fatigued can trigger actions to take time out or relax) or external (e.g., seeing health promotion leaflets or posters).

Question 9

Health belief model (HBM)

Answer 9

a psychological model that posits that health behaviour is a function of a combination of factors, including the perceived benefits of and barriers to treatment and the perceived susceptibility to and seriousness of the health problem.

Question 10

a psychological model that posits that health behaviour is a function of a combination of factors, including the perceived benefits of and barriers to treatment and the perceived susceptibility to and seriousness of the health problem…

Answer 10

Health belief model (HBM)

Question 11

Social marketing

Answer 11

the application of consumer-oriented marketing techniques in the design, implementation and evaluation of programmes aimed towards influencing behaviour change. Social marketing draws upon concepts from behavioural theory, persuasion psychology and marketing science.

Question 12

Transtheoretical model of change (TTM)

Answer 12

a model of behaviour change, developed by DiClementi, Prochaska and others, which attempts to identify universal processes or stages of change, specified as pre-contemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance and termination.

Question 13

What has a strong influence on behaviour but is missing from the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

a. religion
b. culture
c. moral norms
d. all of these

Answer 13

d. all of these

Question 14

One of the earliest theories of health behaviour is the:
A. theory of reasoned action
B. biopsychosocial model
C. psychosomatic medicine
D. health belief model

Answer 14

D. health belief model

Question 15

which of the following behaviours is likely to be accurately predicted if I adhere to the Health Belief model?
A. exercise
B. brushing and flossing of teeth
C. eating a healthy diet
D. none of the above

Answer 15

B. brushing and flossing of teeth

Question 16

The Health Belief Model is best for:

a. Describing beliefs about how exercise improves health
b. Identifying demographic variables that influence adherence
c. Explaining one-off decisions relating to health
d. Specifying the severity of an illness

Answer 16

c. Explaining one-off decisions relating to health

Question 17

Which of the following is not a component of the Theory of Planned Behaviour?

a. Affect
b. Intention
c. Perceived Control
d. Attitude

Answer 17

a. Affect

Question 18

Which of the following is not a component of Protection Motivation Theory?

a. Efficacy for protection
b. Threat appraisal
c. Coping appraisal
d. Intention to protect

Answer 18

a. Efficacy for protection

Question 19

The four key concepts of the Transtheoretical Model are:

a. Self-efficacy, behaviour intention, decision balance, processes of change
b. Processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, stages of change
c. Behavioural processes of change, stages of change, experiential processes of change, behavioural intention
d. Stages of change, processes of change, decisional balance, pros and cons of change

Answer 19

b. Processes of change, decisional balance, self-efficacy, stages of change

Question 20

List the 6 features of the HBM…

Answer 20

1. Perceived Threat (Perceived Susceptibility & Perceived Severity)
2. Perceived Benefits
3. Perceived Barriers
4. Cues to Action
5. Self-efficacy
6. Modifying Factors

Question 21

Describe Perceived Threat (Perceived Susceptibility & Perceived Severity)…

Answer 21

• Perceived Susceptibility: an individual’s assessment of their change of getting the disease i.e. whether it is personally relevant/accurate
• Perceived Severity: feelings concerning the seriousness of contracting an illness or leaving it untreated. Action will not occur unless the individual perceives the severity to be high enough to have an impact

Question 22

Describe Perceived Benefits…

Answer 22

An individual’s conclusion as to whether the new behaviour is better than what they are already doing

Question 23

Describe Perceived Barriers…

Answer 23

Individual’s opinion on potential negative consequences that may result from taking particular health actions (physical, psychological, and financial)

Question 24

Describe Cues to Action…

Answer 24

Events that motivate people to take action

Question 25

Describe Self-efficacy…

Answer 25

Belief in being able to successfully execute the behaviour required to produce the desired outcomes

Question 26

Describe Modifying Factors…

Answer 26

An individual’s personal factors that affect whether the new behaviour is adopted

Question 27

Describe the Primary Appraisal for the Transactional Model of Stress & Coping…

Answer 27

Primary Appraisal:
Evaluation of the significance of a stressor or threatening event.
Perceptions of an event as threatening can cause distress. If an event is perceived as positive, benign, or irrelevant, little negative effect is felt.

Question 28

Describe the Secondary Appraisal for the Transactional Model of Stress & Coping…

Answer 28

Secondary Appraisal:
Evaluation of the controllability of the stressor and a person’s coping resources.
Perceptions of one’s ability to change the situation, manage one’s emotional reaction, and/or cope effectively can lead to successful coping adaptation.

Question 29

Describe the Coping Efforts for the Transactional Model of Stress & Coping…

Answer 29

1. Problem Management: Strategies directed at changing a stressful situation. i.e. active coping, problem solving, and information seeking may be used
2. Emotional Regulation: Strategies aimed at changing the way one thinks or feels about a stressful situation, i.e. venting feelings, avoidance, denial, and seeking social support may be used.

Question 30

What is the purpose of Social Marketing in health promotion?

Answer 30

Involves commercial marketing technologies to the analysis, planning, execution and evaluation of programs designed to influence voluntary or involuntary behaviour of target audiences in order to improve the welfare of individuals and society.

Question 31

What does Social Marketing involve?

Answer 31

1. Advertising - e.g. smoking cessation campaigns
2. Publicity materials - images, logos or catchy slogans carried out over YouTube, billboards, brochures, t-shirts
3. Edutainment - e.g. TV and film pieces that highlight domestic violence, aged care and mental illness
4. Advocacy and lobbying - efforts that change policy and/or influence those in power over policy decisions