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Indications, Examples and MOA Flashcards

1
Q

What is activated charcoal used for?

A

Poisoning and overdose

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2
Q

What is N-acetylcysteine indicated for?

A

Contrast Nephropathy
Overdose - especially paracetamol
Poisoning
Respiratory Secretions

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3
Q

How is N-acetylcysteine administered?

A

IV infusion

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4
Q

How is activated charcoal administered?

A

PO

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5
Q

What is the mechanism of action of activated charcoal?

A

It adsorbs to toxins in the GI tract, resulting in the reduction of absorption of poisons systemically

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6
Q

When is adenosine indicated?

A

Treating supraventricular tachycardia

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7
Q

How is adenosine administered?

A

By rapid IV injection (bolus).

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8
Q

Wat is the mechanism of action of adenosine?

A

it interrupts AV node and resets it to sinus rhythm - causes brief asystole and bradycardia then returns to normal (as it is metabolised quickly)

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9
Q

What are the contraindications for adenosine?

A

AF, FLUTTER, asthma, COPD, HF, long QT syndrome

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10
Q

When is adrenaline indicated?

A

Anaphylaxis
Cardiac Arrest
Mucosal Bleeding - for non-variceal upper GI bleeds
Ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia

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11
Q

What is the mechanism of action for adrenaline in stopping mucosal bleeds?

A

It causes vasoconstriction by binding to alpha receptors, limiting blood flow to the bleeding artery

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12
Q

What is the mechanism of action for adrenaline in anaphylaxis?

A

It causes vasoconstriction by stimulating alpha-adrenergic receptors, counteracting the widespread vasodilation and vascular permeability seen in anaphylaxis. This reduces the loss of intravascular fluid and the subsequent hypotension.

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13
Q

What are aldosterone antagonists indicated for?

A

Ascites
Heart failure
Hyperaldosteronism

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14
Q

What are some examples of aldosterone antagonists?

A

Spironolactone
Epleronone

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15
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aldosterone antagonists?

A

They block the action of aldosterone, which increases sodium excretion and potassium retention by the principal cells of the kidney. Water follows sodium to be excreted, resulting in a diuretic effect.

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16
Q

What are alginates / antacids indicated for?

A

Dyspepsia and GORD

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16
Q

What is nefopam indicated for?

A

Moderate pain

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17
Q

What are some examples of antacids/alginates?

A

Gaviscon, Peptac

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18
Q

What is the mechanism of antacids?

A

They inhibit pepsin (which digests proteins) and neutralise hydrochloric acid, increasing stomach pH

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19
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alginates?

A

They react with the gastric acid to form a layer on top of the stomach contents, forming a mechanical barrier that prevents reflex into the oesophagus

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20
Q

What is allopurinol indicated for?

A

Chemotherapy (tumour lysis syndrome)
Prophylaxis of recurrent gout (hyperuricaemia) - if they have more than 2 attack a year or tophi

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21
Q

What is the mechanism of action of allopurinol?

A

It inhibits the xanthine oxidase enzyme, preventing hypoxanthine conversion to uric acid and crystal formation

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22
Q

What are the indications for alpha blockers?

A

Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Hypertension (not first line)

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23
Q

What are some examples of alpha blockers?

A

Doxazocin
Tamsulosin

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24
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alpha blockers in BPH?

A

They relax smooth muscle and tone in the inner urethral sphincter in the bladder neck to aid voiding, with rapidimprovement in symptoms

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25
Q

What is the mechanism of action of alpha blockers in hypertension

A

Prevent adrenaline binding to alpha 1 receptors in arterial walls, leading to vasodilation

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26
Q

What are aminoglycosides indicated for?

A

Endocarditis
Pyelonephritis
Sepsis (incl intra-abdominal)

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27
Q

What are some examples of aminoglycosides?

A

Gentamicin, amikacin, streptomycin

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28
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aminoglycosides?

A

Inhibit peptide synthesis

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29
Q

What are aminosalycilates indicated for?

A

Rheumatoid Arthritis
Ulcerative Colitis (maintaining remission in mild cases)

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30
Q

What are some examples of aminosalycilates

A

Mesalazine
Sulfasalazine

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31
Q

What is amiodarone indicated for?

A

Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Cardiac Arrest
Supraventricular tachycardia
Ventricular fibrillation/tachycardia

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32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of amiodarone?

A

It blocks potassium currents that cause repolarization of the heart muscle during the third phase of the cardiac action potential. As a result amiodarone increases the duration of the action potential as well as the effective refractory period for cardiac cells (myocytes)

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33
Q

What are ACE inhibitors indicated for?

A

Acute coronary syndrome
Chronic kidney disease
Diabetic nephropathy
Heart failure
Hypertension (1st line in people <55 who are not of Afro-Caribbean ethnicity)
Ischaemic heart disease

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34
Q

What are some examples of ACE inhibitors?

A

Ramipril
Lisinopril
Perindopril

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35
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ramipril/ACE inhibitors?

A

It is a competitive inhibitor of ACE. This prevents ACE from generating angiotensin 2 from angiotensin 1, which prevents vasoconstriction and reduces aldosterone secretion

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36
Q

What are angiotensin receptor blockers indicated for?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease
Diabetic nephropathy
Heart failure
Hypertension
Ischaemic heart disease

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37
Q

What are some examples of ARBs?

A

Candesartan
Losartan
Irbesartan

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38
Q

What is the mechanism of action of ARBs?

A

They prevent angiotensin 2 from binding to AT receptor 1, leading to a reduction in aldosterone release and an increase in vasodilation

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39
Q

What are SSRIs indicated for?

A

Anxiety
Depression
OCD
(Antidepressants)

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39
Q

What are some examples of SSRIs?

A

Fluoxetine
Citalopram
Sertraline

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40
Q

What are tricyclic antidepressants indicated for?

A

Depression
Neuropathic Pain

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41
Q

What are some examples of tricyclic antidepressants?

A

Amitriptyline
Lofepramine

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42
Q

What are venlafaxine and mirtazapine indicated for? (Velafaxine is a SNRI and mirtazapine is its own thing)

A

Anxiety incl. Generalised anxiety disorder
Depression

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43
Q

What are dopamine D2 receptor antagonists indicated for?

A

They’re antiemetics - N&V

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44
Q

What are some examples of dopamine D2 receptor antagonists? (antiemetics)

A

Metoclopramide
Domperidone

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45
Q

What are histamine H1 receptor antagonists indicated for?

A

Nausea and Vomiting

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46
Q

What are some examples of histamine H1 receptor antagonists? (antiemetics)

A

Cyclizine
Cinnarizine
Promethazine

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47
Q

What are phenothiazines indicated for?

A

Agitation, psychomotor
Nausea and Vomiting

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48
Q

What are some examples of phenothiazines? (antiemetics but can also be first gen antipsychotics)

A

Prochlorperazine
Chlorpromazine

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49
Q

What are serotonin 5-HT3-receptor antagonists indicated for?

A

Chemotherapy
Nausea and Vomiting
Panic disorders

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50
Q

What are some examples of serotonin 5-HT3-receptor antagonists (antiemetics)

A

Ondansetron
Granisetron

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51
Q

What are some examples of antifungals?

A

Miconazole
Fluconazole
Clotrimazole
Nystatin

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52
Q

What are antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists) indicated for?

A

Allergy
Hay fever (seasonal rhinitis)
Pruritus
Urticaria

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53
Q

What are some examples of H1 receptor antagonists used for treating allergies??

A

Chlorphenamine
Cetirizine
Loratadine

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54
Q

What is the mechanism of action of H1 receptor antagonists? (antihistamines)

A

They competitively inhibit histamine binding to H1 receptors, preventing the vasodilator effect of histamine to prevent oedema

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55
Q

What are antimotility drugs indicated for?

A

Diarrhoea

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55
Q

What are some examples of antimotility drugs?

A

Loperamide
Codeine phosphate

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56
Q

What is the mechanism of action of anti-muscarinic bronchodilators?

A

They block acetylcholine from acting on muscarinic receptors in smooth muscle in the airways, leading to bronchodilation and improved airflow

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56
Q

What are anti-muscarinic bronchodilators indicated for?

A

Asthma
COPD

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57
Q

What are some examples of anti-muscarinic bronchodilators?

A

Ipratropium bromide
Tiotropium

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58
Q

What are antimuscarinics indicated for in a cardiovascular/GI/resp context?

A

Bradycardia
Irritable Bowel Syndrome
Respiratory secretions

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59
Q

What are some examples of antimuscarinics used for the cardiovascular and GI systems?

A

Atropine - reversal of bradycardia following MI/BB use etc
Hyoscine butylbromide - IBS, acute GI smooth muscle spasm (buscopan)
Glycopyrronium bromide - for bradycardia, severe dribbling, hyperhidrosis etc

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60
Q

What are antimuscarinics indicated for in a genitourinary context?

A

Urinary incontinence

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61
Q

What are some examples of antimuscarinics used for the genitourinary systems and what are their indications?

A

Oxybutynin
Tolterodine
Solifenacin
For frequency, urgency and incontinence

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62
Q

What is the mechanism of action of antimuscarinics used for urinary incontinence?

A

They inhibit the parasympathetic transmission that drives detrusor contraction by inhibiting ACh release and binding to muscarinic receptors at post synaptic neurons

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63
Q

What are first-gen typical antipsychotics used for?

A

Agitation, psychomotor
Bipolar Disorder
Nausea and Vomiting
Schizophrenia

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64
Q

What are some examples of first-gen typical antipsychotics?

A

Haloperidol
Chlorpromazine (also an antiemetic)
Prochlorperazine (also an antiemetic)

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65
Q

What are second-gen atypical antipsychotics used for?

A

Agitation, psychomotor symptoms
Bipolar Disorder
Schizophrenia

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66
Q

What are some examples of second-gen atypical antipsychotics?

A

Quetiapine
Olanzapine
Risperidone
Clozapine

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67
Q

What is aspirin indicated for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Fever
Ischaemic heart Disease
Pain
Peripheral arterial disease
Stroke
High dose for Kawasaki’s

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68
Q

What is the mechanism of action of aspirin?

A

COX 1/2 inhibitor - reduces prostaglandin synthesis including thromboxane, which reduces platelet aggregation and also acts as an antipyretic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic

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69
Q

What are benzodiazepines indicated for?

A

Alcohol Withdrawl
Anxiety
Status Epilepticus
Insomnia
Poisoning
Sedation

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70
Q

What are some examples of benzodiazepines?

A

Diazepam (rectal, status epilepticus in community)
Midazolam (buccal, status epilepticus in community)
Temazepam
Lorazepam (status epilepticus in hospital)
Chlordiazepoxide (anxiety and alcohol withdrawal)

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71
Q

What are B2 agonists indicated for?

A

Asthma
COPD
Hyperkalaemia

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72
Q

What are some examples of B2 agonists?

A

Salbutamol
Sameterol
Terbutaline

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73
Q

What is the mechanism of action of B2 agonists in respiratory diseases?

A

Binds to and agonises B2 receptors in the bronchial SM ⇒ relaxation of SM ⇒ bronchodilation ⇒ improved obstruction

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74
Q

What are beta blockers indicated for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Angina
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Heart Failure
Hypertension
Ischaemic heart Disease
Supraventricular tachycardia
Anxiety

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75
Q

What are some examples of beta blockers?

A

Bisoprolol
Atenolol
Propranolol
Metoprolol

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76
Q

What is the mechanism of action of beta blockers?

A

They prevent adrenaline binding to beta 1 receptors on the heart ⇒ reduce contractility, slow the HR and reduce CO

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77
Q

What are bisphosphonates indicated for?

A

Bone Metastases
Hypercalcaemia of malignancy
Osteoporosis

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78
Q

What are some examples of bisphosphonates?

A

Alendronic acid (alendronate)
Zolendronic acid
Risedronate
Disodium Pamidronate

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79
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bisphosphonates?

A

Inhibit osteoclasts to prevent resorption of bone

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80
Q

What are calcium and vitamin D indicated for?

A

Chronic Kidney Disease
Hypocalcaemia
Osteoporosis
Vitamin D Deficiency
Myeloma / bony mets

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81
Q

What are some examples of calcium and vitamin D supplements?

A

Adcal-D3
Colecalciferol
Calcium Carbonate
Calcium Gluconate
Alfacalcidol

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82
Q

What are calcium channel blockers indicated for?

A

Angina
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Hypertension
Supraventricular tachycardia
Reynaud’s (nifedipine)

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83
Q

What are some examples of CCBs?

A

Amlodipine
Verapamil
Nifedipine
Diltiazem

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84
Q

What is the mechanism of action of CCBs?

A

They block L type Ca2+ channels on the heart to slow contraction and reduce CO

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85
Q

What is carbamazepine indicated for?

A

Bipolar Disorder
Epilepsy, focal
Trigeminal neuralgia

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86
Q

What are cephalosporins and carbapenems indicated for?

A

Infection (complex)
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Urinary tract Infection

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87
Q

What are some examples of cephalosporins and carbapenems?

A

Cefalexin
Ceftriaxone
Cefotaxime
Meropenem

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88
Q

What is clopidogrel indicated for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Ischaemic heart Disease
Peripheral arterial disease
Stroke

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89
Q

What is the mechanism of action of clopidogrel?

A

Anti-platelet (PTY12 inhibitor): platelets release ADP and bind to PTY12 receptors ⇒ amplifies platelet response ⇒ inhibiting these receptors prevents amplification of platelet response ⇒ reduced risk off occlusion

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90
Q

What are compound inhalers (B2 antagonist and steroid) indicated for?

A

Asthma, COPD, inflammation?

91
Q

What are some examples of compound inhalers?

A

Seretide
Symbicort

92
Q

What are inhaled corticosteroids (glucocorticoids) indicated for?

A

Asthma, COPD, inflammation

93
Q

What are some examples of inhaled corticosteroids (glucocorticoids)

A

Beclomethasone
Fluticasone
Budesonide

94
Q

What are systemic corticosteroids indicated for?

A

Addisons Disease
Adrenal Insufficiency
Allergy
Anaphylaxis
Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Chemotherapy
Hypopituitarism
Inflammation

95
Q

What are some examples of systemic corticosteroids?

A

Prednisolone
Hydrocortisone
Dexamethasone

96
Q

What are topical corticosteroids indicated for?

97
Q

What are some examples of topical corticosteroids?

A

Hydrocortisone
Beclometasone
Betamethasone
Clobetazone

98
Q

What is digoxin indicated for?

A

AF, flutter, HF

99
Q

What is dipyridamole indicated for?

A

Myocardial Perfusion Scan
Stroke (second line for aspirin)

100
Q

What are loop diuretics indicated for?

A

Ascites
Breathlessness
Heart failure
Oedema (incl pulmonary)

101
Q

What are some examples of loop diuretics?

A

Furosemide
Bumetanide

102
Q

What is the mechanism of action of loop diuretics?

A

They act on loop of Henle to increase Na+ loss by inhibiting the Na-K-2Cl carrier ⇒ increased water loss

103
Q

What are potassium sparing diuretics indicated for?

A

Hypokalaemia

104
Q

What is an example of a potassium sparing diuretic?

A

Amiloride, epleronone, spironolactone

105
Q

What is the mechanism of action of K+ sparing diuretics (aldosterone antagonists)?

A

They act on RAAS to inhibit aldosterone, leading to Na+ loss (causing water loss by default) and maintain K+

106
Q

What are thiazide diuretics indicated for?

A

Hypertension
Oedema

107
Q

What are some examples of thiazide diuretics?

A

Bendroflumethiazide
Indapamide

108
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thiazides?

A

They block sodium and chloride (Na/Cl) channels in the distal convoluted tubule of the nephron and inhibit the reabsorption of sodium and water

109
Q

What are some examples of dopaminergic drugs for Parkinson’s?

A

Levodopa (as co-beneldopa or co-careldopa)
Ropinirole
Pramipexole

110
Q

What are emollients indicated for?

A

Dry Skin
Eczema
Psoriasis

111
Q

What are some examples of emollients?

A

E45
Zerobase
Liquid Paraffin

112
Q

What are fibrinolytics indicated for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Ischaemic heart Disease
Pulmonary Embolism
Stroke
Venous thromboembolism treatment

113
Q

What are some examples of fibrinolytics?

A

Alteplase
Reteplase

114
Q

What is the mechanism of action of fibrinolytics like alteplase?

A

It’s a tissue plasminogen activator - converts plasminogen to the proteolytic enzyme plasmin, which lyses fibrin as well as fibrinogen and breaks down clots

115
Q

How should alteplase be administered in stroke?

A

IV infusion, given within 4.5 of onset

116
Q

What are gabapentin and pregabalin indicated for?

A

Anxiety incl generalised anxiety disorder
Epilepsy, focal
Migraine
Neuropathic Pain

117
Q

What are H2-receptor antagonists indicated for?

A

Dyspepsia
GORD
Peptic Ulcer Disease

118
Q

What are some examples of H2 receptor antagonists?

A

Ranitidine, famotidine

119
Q

What is the mechanism of action of H2 receptor antagonists?

A

They cause competitive inhibition of H2 receptors on the gastric parietal cells, reducing H+ secretion

120
Q

What are heparin and fondaparinux indicated for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Pulmonary embolism
Venous Thromboembolism prophylaxis and treatment

121
Q

What are some examples of heparin/fondaparinux?

A

Tinzaparin
Enoxaparin
Dalteparin
Fondaparinux
Unfractionated heparin

122
Q

What is the mechanism of action of heparin/fondaparinux?

A

Anti-thrombin action, due to inhibition of factor Xa

123
Q

What is insulin indicated for?

A

Diabetes mellitus
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Hyperglycaemic hyperosmolar syndrome
Hyperkalaemia

124
Q

What is the mechanism of action of insulin in hyperkalaemia?

A

Insulin shifts potassium into cells by stimulating the activity of the Na+/H+ antiporter on the cell membrane ⇒ Na+ enters cells ⇒ triggers Na+/K+ ATPase in the skeletal muscle ⇒ causes an influx of K+ into cells ⇒ reduction in serum K+.

125
Q

What are ferrous sulphate/fumarate indicated for?

126
Q

What are bulk forming laxatives indicated for?

A

Constipation
Diarrhoea
Impaction

127
Q

What are some examples of bulk forming laxatives?

A

Ispaghula husk
Methylcellulose

128
Q

What is the mechanism of action of bulk forming laxatives?

A

They increase fluid retention in the stool, resulting in an increase in stool weigh and consistency, making them softer. The bulk then stimulates normal bowel motility.

129
Q

What are the indications for osmotic laxatives?

A

Bowel preparation
Constipation
Faecal Impaction
Hepatic encephalopathy

130
Q

What are some examples of osmotic laxatives?

A

Lactulose
Macrogol (laxido, movicol)
Phosphate enema

131
Q

What is the mechanism of action of osmotic laxatives?

A

They act as hyperosmotic agents, increasing water in the bowel lumen. This increases the water content of the stool, making it softer and easier to pass

132
Q

What are stimulant laxatives indicated for?

A

Constipation
Faecal impaction

133
Q

What is the mechanism of action of stimulant laxatives?

A

Stimulate the muscles that line the gut, helping them to move the stool along

133
Q

What are some examples of stimulant laxatives?

A

Senna
Bisacodyl (also kind of osmotic)
Glycerol suppositories
Docusate sodium

134
Q

What is lidocaine indicated for?

A

Local anaesthesia

135
Q

What are macrolides indicated for?

A

H-Pylori eradication
Pneumonia
Skin and soft tissue infection

136
Q

What are some examples of macrolides?

A

Clarithromycin
Erythromycin
Azithromycin

137
Q

What is metformin indicated for?

138
Q

What is methotrexate indicated for?

A

Chemotherapy
Psoriasis, if severe
Rheumatoid arthritis
Crohn’s disease

139
Q

How should methotrexate be administered in RA?

A

Once weekly, with a folate supplement administered on a different day

140
Q

What is metronidazole indicated for?

A

Clostridium Difficile Colitis
Dental Infection
Protozoal Infections
Pneumonia
Intra-abdominal sepsis
PID

141
Q

What is naloxone indicated for?

A

Opioid toxicity or poisoning

142
Q

What is nicorandil indicated for?

A

Stable angina

143
Q

What are nicotine replacement drugs indicated for?

A

Smoking cessation

144
Q

What are some examples of nicotine replacement drugs?

A

Nicotine as various brands:
Bupropion
Varenicline

145
Q

What are nitrates indicated for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Angina
Pulmonary oedema

146
Q

What are some examples of nitrates?

A

GTN spray
Isosorbide Mononitrate

147
Q

What is the mechanism of action of nitrates?

A

They are metabolised to NO ⇒ relaxation of vascular smooth muscle ⇒ improved flow and reduced resistance

148
Q

What is nitrofurantoin indicated for?

149
Q

What are NSAIDs indicated for?

A

Inflammation
Pain
Many many many things

150
Q

How should nitrofurantoin be prescribed?

A

For 3 days for women, 7 days for men and complicated UTIs

151
Q

What are some examples of NSAIDS?

A

Ibuprofen
Naproxen
Etoricoxib

152
Q

What is the mechanism of action of NSAIDS?

A

Inhibition of the enzyme cyclooxygenase (COX) which is involved in prostaglandin synthesis. This inhibits the pain pathway

153
Q

What are ocular lubricants indicated for?

A

Dry Eyes
Keratoconjunctivitis sicca
Sjogrens syndrome

154
Q

What are some examples of ocular lubricants

A

Carbomer
Hypromellose

155
Q

What are oestrogens and progestogens indicated for?

A

Contraception, acne management, hormone replacement therapy in menopause

156
Q

What are opioid compound drugs indicated for?

157
Q

What are some examples of opioid compound drugs?

A

Co-codamol
Co-dydramol

158
Q

What are strong opioids indicated for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Breathlessness (palliative care)
Pain
Pulmonary oedema

159
Q

What are some examples of strong opioids?

A

Morphine
Oxycodone
Fentanyl

160
Q

What are weak opioids indicated for?

161
Q

What are some examples of weak opioids?

A

Codeine
Dihydrocodeine
Tramadol

162
Q

What is oxygen indicated for?

A

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Hypoxaemia
Pneumothorax
Poisoning

163
Q

What is paracetamol indicated for?

A

Pain, fever

164
Q

What are penicillins indicated for?

A

Endocarditis
Meningitis
Pneumonia
Sepsis
Skin and soft tissue infection
Tetanus
Tonsillitis

165
Q

What are some examples of penicillins?

A

Benzylpenicillin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin
Amoxicillin
Ampicillin

166
Q

What are anti-pseudomonal penicillins indicated for?

A

Infections (complex)
Pneumonia
Sepsis (incl intra-abdominal)
Skin and soft tissue infection
Urinary tract Infection

167
Q

What are some examples of anti-pseudomonal penicillins?

A

Piperacillin with tazobactam (tazocin)

168
Q

What are broad spec penicillins indicated for?

A

H-Pylori eradication (amox)
Pneumonia (amox, co-amox)
Intra-abdominal sepsis
Urinary Tract Infection (co-amox if sensitive)

169
Q

What are some examples of broad-spec penicillins?

A

Amoxicillin
Co-amoxiclav

170
Q

What are penicillinase resistant penicillins indicated for?

A

Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis
Septic Arthritis
Skin and soft tissue infection (cellulitis)

171
Q

What is an example of a penicillinase resistant penicillin?

A

Flucloxicillin

172
Q

What is phenytoin indicated for?

A

Epilepsy, focal and generalised
Status Epilepticus

173
Q

What are phosphodiesterase (type 5) inhibitors indicated for?

A

Erectile Dysfunction
Pulmonary hypertension

174
Q

What are some examples of phosphodiesterase (type 5) inhibitors?

A

Sildenafil (viagra)
Tadalafil

175
Q

What is oral and IV potassium indicated for?

A

Electrolyte Therapy
Hypokalaemia

176
Q

What are some examples of oral potassium?

A

Potassium Chloride
Potassium Bicarbonate
Can be combined into a tablet called Sando-K

177
Q

What ae some examples of IV potassium?

A

Potassium Chloride

178
Q

What are prostaglandin analogue eye drops indicated for?

A

Open angle glaucoma
Ocular hypertension

179
Q

What are some examples of prostaglandin analogue eye drops?

A

Latanoprost
Bimatoprost

180
Q

What are PPIs indicated for?

A

Dyspepsia
GORD
H-Pylori eradication
Co-prescribed with aspirin

181
Q

What are some examples of PPIs?

A

Omeprazole
Lansoprazole

182
Q

What is the mechanism of action of PPIs?

A

They inhibit the H+/K+-ATPase found at the secretory surface of gastric parietal cells to prevent H+ entering the gastric lumen and inhibit gastric acid production

183
Q

What is quinine sulphate indicated for?

A

Leg Cramps
Malaria

184
Q

What are quinolones indicated for?

A

Pneumonia
Urinary tract infection

185
Q

What is the mechanism of action of quinolones?

A

Blocking DNA replication and inhibit DNA synthesis and cell division

186
Q

What are some examples of quinolones?

A

Ciprofloxacin
Levofloxacin

187
Q

What is the mechanism of action of penicillins?

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

188
Q

What are statins indicated for?

A

Acute Coronary Syndrome
Hyperlipidaemia
Ischaemic heart Disease
Primary prevention of coronary events (20mg)
Secondary prevention of coronary events (80mg)

189
Q

What are some examples of statins?

A

Atorvastatin
Simvastatin
Pravastatin

190
Q

What are sulphonylureas indicated for?

191
Q

What is an example of a sulphonylurea?

A

Gliclazide

192
Q

What are tetracyclines indicated for?

A

Acne
Lyme disease
Pneumonia

193
Q

What are some examples of tetracyclines?

A

Oxytetracycline
Doxycycline
Lymecycline

194
Q

What are thiazolidinediones indicated for?

195
Q

What are some examples of thiazolidinediones?

A

Pioglitazone

196
Q

What is levothyroxine indicacted for?

A

Hypopituitarism
Hypothyroidism

197
Q

What is trimethoprim indicated for?

A

Pneumocystis
Pneumonia
Urinary tract Infection

198
Q

What is valproate indicated for?

A

Bipolar Disorder
Epilepsy, Absence seizures
Epilepsy, Focal
Epilepsy, Generalised
Not indicated in women of child bearing age

199
Q

What are some examples of valporates?

A

Sodium Valproate
Valproic Acid

200
Q

What is vancomycin indicated for?

A

Clostridium Difficile Colitis
Endocarditis
Osteomyelitis
Sepsis
MRSA (I think)

201
Q

What is the mechanism of action of vancomycin?

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

202
Q

What are vitamins indicated for? (Such as thiamine)

A

Korsakoff’s
Prevention of neural tube defects (folate)
Poisoning
Subacute combined degeneration of the cord
Thiamine Deficiency
Vitamin K deficiency/reversal of warfarin
Wernicke’s encephalopathy

203
Q

What are some examples of NOACs?

A

Rivaroxaban
Apixaban

204
Q

What is the mechanism of action of warfarin?

A

Vitamin K is essential for the functioning of several clotting factors (10,9,7,2) and warfarin blocks vitamin K. This prolongs PT.

205
Q

What is the mechanism of action of NOACs?

A

It inhibits free and clot-bound FXa, and prothrombinase activity (it BANS factor XA) to prevent clotting

206
Q

What are 5 alpha reductase inhibitors indicated for?

A

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy

207
Q

What is an example of a 5a-reductase inhibitor?

A

Finasteride

208
Q

What is the mechanism of action of 5a-reductase inhibitors?

A

5 alpha reductase convertstestosterone todihydrotestosterone (DHT), which is a more potentandrogen hormone. Inhibitors reduce DHT in the prostate, leading to a reduction in prostate size.

209
Q

What is the mechanism of action of sulphonylureas?

A

They stimulate insulin release by binding to beta-cell receptors. This depolarises K+ channels —> close —> Ca2+ channels open —> insulin vesicles trafficked to membrane

210
Q

What is the mechanism of action of metformin?

A

Metformin lowers glucose by inhibiting hepatic gluconeogenesis and opposing the action of glucagon. It also increases insulin sensitivity

211
Q

What is the mechanism of action of thiazolidinediones?

A

They bind to the nuclear receptor PPARy (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor) and activate genes concerned with glucose uptake and utilisation and lipid metabolism. This improves insulin sensitivity and reduce resistance

212
Q

What are SGLT2 inhibitors indicated for?

213
Q

What are some examples of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

Empagliflozin, canagliflozin, dapagliflozin

214
Q

What is the mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors?

A

They block the reabsorption of glucose in the kidney through binding to SGLT2 receptors, increase glucose excretion, and lower blood glucose levels ⇒ increase in glycosuria

215
Q

What class of drug are metaclopromide and domperidone?

A

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists (antiemetics)

216
Q

What are some examples of SNRIs?

A

Venlafaxine, duloxetine

217
Q

What is the mechanism of action of anti-muscarinic drugs in treating urinary incontinence?

A

Inhibition of the binding of acetylcholine at muscarinic receptors M(2) and M(3) on detrusor smooth muscle to prevent contraction

218
Q

What is atropine indicated for?

A

Reversal of bradycardia following MI, BB use etc

219
Q

What is hyoscine butylbromide indicated for?

A

IBS, acute GI smooth muscle spasm (buscopan)

220
Q

What is glycopyrronium bromide indicated for?

A

For bradycardia, severe dribbling, hyperhidrosis etc

221
Q

What are statins indicated for?

A

Primary hypercholesterolaemia in patients who have not responded adequately to diet and other appropriate measures
Secondary prevention of strokes/MI
Familial hypercholesterolaemia
Hyperlipidaemia

222
Q

What are some examples of statins?

A

Atorvastatin
Simvastatin
Fluvastatin

223
Q

What are the 2 types of calcium channel blockers, and some examples of each type?

A

Dihydropyridines - nifedipine and amlodipine
Non-dihydropyridines - diltiazem and verapamil

224
Q

What is the difference between the 2 types of calcium channel blockers?

A

Both help to relax and widen arterial smooth musce but non-dihydropyridines have an additional effect on the heart’s, leading to a reduction in heart rate, force of contraction and normalised rhythms

225
Q

What is the mechanism of action of statins?

A

Inhibit 5-HMG-CoA reductase, an enzyme used to synthesise cholesterol

226
Q

What is the mechanism of action for calcium channel blockers?

A

They act on calcium channels and inhibits calcium influx in vascular smooth muscle. This results in reduced contractility and vasodilation

227
Q

What are warfarin/NOACs indicated for?

A

Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter
Deep Vein Thrombosis
Heart Valve replacement
Pulmonary embolism
Venous thromboembolism treatment

228
Q

What is hyoscine hydrobromide indicated for?

A

Excessive respiratory secretions in palliative care

Drugs (7 decks)

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