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Music GCSE sofia > Indian Classical Music > Flashcards

Indian Classical Music Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the rhythms based on?

A

Based on TALAS (cyclic/repeating rhythm patterns) played by the TABLA.

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2
Q

what are the characteristics of tala?

A

Each TALA has a certain number of beats (regular and irregular TALAS are used).

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3
Q

what is tintal?

A

The most popular TALA is called TINTAL – 16 beats per cycle, divided into four equal vibhāgs

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4
Q

what are used to mark certain beats?

A

HAND CLAPS and WAVES are used to mark certain beats. (. In TINTAL the beginning of the first, second and fourth sections is marked by a clap, but the beginning of the third section is weaker and this is shown by a wave of the hand.)

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5
Q

how many talas are there?

A

.There are over 300 different TALAS, or rhythmic cycles, in Indian classical music and like RAGAS, they all have names

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6
Q

how do the musicians ensure their performance has rhythmic structure?

A

However, some are used more frequently than others (talas). Indian musicians must have a thorough knowledge of TALAS when they improvise, so that their playing or singing has rhythmic structure.

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7
Q

what is a single piece normally based on?

A

Usually one piece of music is based on a single RAGA and a single TALA

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8
Q

what are meends?

A

Musicians, especially singers, use lots of SLIDES between notes (like a glissando) called MEENDS. They also add ORNAMENTS to their improvisations.

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9
Q

what is indian music based on?

A

A lot of Indian classical music is based on IMPROVISATION (making it up “on the spot”) using notes and rhythm patterns of RAGAS and TALAS.

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10
Q

as the music builds up what happens?

A

The more the music builds up, the more heavily ornamen ted the improvisations become.

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11
Q

what are melodies based on?

A

Melodies based on RAGAS (scale/mode) – patterns of notes with strict rules about usage.

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12
Q

what are ragas associated with?

A

RAGAS (scales) associated with a particular time of day or night or season and have different MOODS , when they should be performed and many are names after gods or goddesses and express their temperaments.

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13
Q

why do ragas have strict rules?

A

Each RAGA has very strict rules about which notes may be used, and how they may be used. Even the decorations and ornaments, which are a very important part of Indian music, must be played in accordance with the rules of the RAGA.

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14
Q

what helps set the mood of a raga?

A

Decorations help to set the mood which each RAGA has to express.

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15
Q

what do ragas vary in?

A

Some RAGAS (scales) vary in ascent and descent e.g. Raga Vibhas (morning Raga); Raga Behag (evening Raga).

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16
Q

how are ragas written?

A

RAGAS are written down used SARGAM notation.

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17
Q

what are the dynamics?

A

Generally increase throughout a Raga performance starting of softly (p) during the ALAP and JHOR with a gradual CRESCENDO in the JHALA and very loud at the end. (final GAT (BANDISH) section)

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18
Q

what are the 3 basic layers to texture?

A

melody, drone and rhythm

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19
Q

what does the melody include?

A

MELODY (Voice, Sitar, Sarangi, Bansuri, Esraj or Sarod performing the melodic form of the Raga);

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20
Q

what does the drone include?

A

DRONE (Tanpura or Harmonium performing long sustained noted);

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21
Q

what happens in the rhythm?

A

RHYTHM (Tabla performing the rhythmic Tala).

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22
Q

what is the texture/structure of a performance?

A

The opening three sections of a Raga performance all have a 2-PART TEXTURE (melody and drone), the final Gat (or Bandish) section when the Tabla enters performing the Tala has a 3-PART TEXTURE.

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23
Q

what is the order of the tempo throughout the performance?

A

alap , jhor, jhala, gat , tempo rubato

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24
Q

what is the tempo in the alap?

A

ALAP – slow and free unmetred rhythm with no recognisable beat or pulse.

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25
Q

what is the tempo in the jhor (after the alap)?

A

JHOR – speeds up and becomes more rhythmic.

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26
Q

what is the tempo the jhala? (after alap and jhor)

A

JHALA – further increase in tempo and greater sense of metre.

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27
Q

what is the tempo in the gat (after alap, jhor,jhala)?

A

GAT – very fast tempo with complex rhythms.

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28
Q

what is sometimes added in a performance? (tempo) (add!!!!)

A

TEMPO RUBATO sometimes added by performers during performance

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29
Q

how do they make an effective peformance?

A

Indian Classical musicians must work together in order to interpret the music and perform effectively as one including starting and stopping together, agreeing tempo and dynamic changes, similar interpretation of expression and articulation (accents, staccato) as well as balance between parts.

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30
Q

what happens in the alap structure wise?

A

melody and drone, free unmetred, slow, soft.

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31
Q

what happens in the jhor(jor) after the alap structure wise?

A

melody and drone, increase in speed, more rhythmic

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32
Q

what happens in the jhala (after alap and jhor) struccture wise?

A

melody and drone, more speed and improvisation

33
Q

what happens in the gat (bandish) (after alap, jhor,jhala) structure wise?

A

Tabla enters (3 part texture now) tempo and dynamics increase (very fast and complex melodic and rhythmic ideas )

34
Q

what are the 4 sections in the structure?

A

(nor BREAKS)

alap , jhor (jor) , jhala , gat (bandish)

35
Q

what is the relationship between the melody and drone?

A

The melody and drone players usually have an energetic dialogue that involves question and answer phrasing imitation,passing their musical ideas around

36
Q

what are the Origins and Cultural Context of the Traditional Music, what time and place?

A

Around 1700 BC. Developed in temples and royal palaces.

37
Q

how were ragas and talas learnt?

A

by oral tradition

38
Q

what played an important part when classical indian music was being developed?

A

spirituality (hinduism) was an important part

39
Q

what sort of tradition was it

A

a master-student tradition

40
Q

what is the length of a performance

A

there is no fixed length

41
Q

whhat are famous performers?

A

Ravi Shankar
Anoushka Shankar
Alla Rakha

42
Q

how many people are in a music ensemble?

A

only a handful of players

43
Q

where are instruments played?

A

most intruments while seated on the floor

44
Q

what are the 3 elements in a performance?

A

soloist, percussion,drone

45
Q

what does the soloist do?

A

either a singer or an instrumentalist playing the melody, usually the Sitar but sometimes Sarod, Sarangi or Esraj

46
Q

what is the percussion played by?

A

usually the tabla

47
Q

what is the drone played by?

A

usually a tanpura or harmonium

48
Q

what are the classical indian instruments?

A

SITAR ,TANPURA ,SAROD, SARANGI , ESRAJ ,HARMONIUM , BANSURI , SINGER ,TABLA

49
Q

what does the sitar look like?

A

The SITAR has a long neck and has between four and seven metal strings

50
Q

how is the sitar played?

A

Most of the strings are plucked with a metal plectrum for the melody and others create the drone.

51
Q

how does the sitar create sound?

A

The Sitar has sympathetic strings underneath that vibrate and create a thick “shimmery” timbre/sonority.

52
Q

why do they sometimes adjust the tuning of a sitar?

A

The tuning of the strings can be adjusted for different pieces and the Sitar has movable frets and a gourd resonator.

53
Q

what does pulling the strings on a sitar do?

A

A Sitar player can pull strings to make notes “bend” or “distort”. Sliding a finger along a string as it is plucked gives a sliding glissando sound called a “mind”.

54
Q

what part does the sitar play, and where is it played?

A

The Sitar player plays the melody as well as some of the drone notes based on a raga which is often improvised. The Sitar is played in a sitting position with crossed legs.

55
Q

what does the tanpura look like?

A

The TANPURA is a stringed instrument similar to the Sitar, but it has fewer strings (usually four) and no frets.

56
Q

what sort of music does the tanpura play?

A

Unlike the Sitar, it plays very simple and repetitive music – frequently performing the drone part within a raga as a form of musical accompaniment.

57
Q

what is a sarod?

A

The SAROD is a plucked string instrument, shorter than the Sitar and has no frets.

58
Q

how is the sarod played?

A

The Sarod is played by plucking the strings with a large wooden plectrum. It has main strings and sympathetic strings and plays ornaments by sliding up and down the strings.

59
Q

what is the sarangi?

A

The SARANGI is a fretless bowed instrument held in the lap. It has three main strings and as many as 36 sympathetic strings.

60
Q

what does an esraj look like?

A

The ESRAJ is a bowed string instrument played sitting on the floor, like the Sarangi, but with frets like the Sitar.

The Esraj has a number of sympathetic and drone strings.

61
Q

what does the harmonium look like?

A

The HARMONIUM is a reed organ operated by bellows which open at the back. The keyboard is on top and has a range of two to three octaves.

62
Q

what does the harmonium play?

A

The Harmonium often plays the drone accompaniment in Indian classical music.

63
Q

what is the bansuri?

A

The BANSURI is a bamboo flute with no keys.

64
Q

what are the lyrics performed in in indian classical music?

A

The lyrics are normally in Punjabi or another Indian language.

65
Q

what are the tabla?

A

TABLA are a pair of small drums placed side by side on the floor in front of the player.

66
Q

what is the main role of the tabla?

A

Their main role is to keep the time, but they sometimes interact with the soloist and have short solos.

67
Q

what is the tabla made out of?

A

The heads are made out of goatskin with a central area which has a coating made from iron filings and rice flour.

68
Q

what is the smaller drum (of the tabla) known as?

A

The smaller drum is known as the dayan (meaning right). It is tuned to “Sa” and played with the fingertips of the right hand.

69
Q

what is the larger drum (of the tabla known as?

A

The larger drum is known as bayan (meaning left). It is played with the left hand, played with the heel of the hand, which is pressed into the drum to change the pitch, providing a distinctive sound, deeper in pitch (bass sound) to the dayan

70
Q

what sorts of strokes are on the tabla?

A

Tabla playing is very difficult and it can take years to master the different stokes (BOLS). Some strokes are OPEN (allowed to ring) and others are CLOSED (dampened).

71
Q

what does sangita mean?

A

The word for music in India is SANGITA which as well as music, also means dancing and drama

72
Q

what is master-student tradition?

A

. Students belong to an extended family of musicians learning from a particular master

73
Q

how did indian musicians learn to play raga?

A

Indian musicians learned to play RAGA (patterns of notes) and TALAS (rhythm patterns) by imitating and memorising

74
Q

how long do raga performances traditionally go on for?

A

RAGA PERFORMANCES which often traditionally lasted several hours have had to be confined to a traditional “concert length”.

75
Q

how have they produced fusion music?

A

Traditional Indian musical instruments, such as the TABLA are often heard in jazz, pop and rock music (either live or “sampled”) and the SITAR is often used in popular music. Indian classical music is also mixed with music from a different culture (or in a more popular style) producing FUSION music.

76
Q

what does syllabic mean?

A

opposite of melisma

77
Q

what’s the full name for a tabla?

A

tabla baya

78
Q

what happens during the performance?

A

a gradual crescendo in the jhala

Music GCSE sofia (14 decks)

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