Inclusion and Exclusion

Question 1

what is prejudice?

Answer 1

generalisation about an entire category of people

Question 2

what are stereotypes?

Answer 2

exaggerated description applied to everyone in a social category

Question 3

what is racism?

Answer 3

belief that one racial category is innately superior or inferior

Question 4

what is discrimination?

Answer 4

any act that involves treating people unequally

Question 5

what is institutional discrimination?

Answer 5

bias in actions and attitudes inherent in the operation of society’s institutions

Question 6

what are the causes of inclusion or exclusion?

Answer 6

Scapegoat theory= frustration cause to blame others
Authoritarian personality theory= intolerance towards minorities
Cultural theory= prejudices embedded in a culture
Oppression of minorites= those in leading positions use power to press others
The postcolonial plight and the new cultural racism= prejudices based on biological differences

Question 7

what is Intergroup Threat Theory (ITT)?

Answer 7

some groups may feel more easily threatened than others due to the use of negative prejudices and ingroup anxiety

Question 8

what are the types of intergroup threats?

Answer 8

realistic (concerned about physical integrity)
symbolic (concerns about one’s meaning system)

Question 9

what are the antecedents of threat?

Answer 9

history, sociocultural, situational, individual

Question 10

Intergroup Contact Theory (ICT)- how can intergroup reduce prejudices?

Answer 10

• equal status
• common goals
• intergroup cooperation
• support of authorities, law, custom

Question 11

what are the 2 opposite mechanisms in ITT and ICT?

Answer 11

ICT- more intergroup contact= less prejudice
ITT- more perceived threat= more prejudice

Question 12

Porter’s 5 factors for competitve strategies between organisations

Answer 12

1. rivalry among existing competitors
2. threat of new entrants
3. threat of substitutes
4. bargaining power of suppliers
5. bargaining power of buyers

Question 13

types of structures that are frequently encountered

Answer 13

functional- organised based on the company’s key functions
divisional- based on the company’s key products
matrix- based on cross-functional teams and functions
flat- based on seld-management and lack of managerial structures

Question 14

conflict in managerialism

Answer 14

the necessary but containable phenomenon in organisational life
can be managed as long as there are no emotions and managers know how to act

Question 15

what is agonism?

Answer 15

political and social theory that emphasises the potential positive aspects of conflict

Question 16

the Established and the Outsider Theory

Answer 16

• been there longer- group cohesion and collective identification
• new arrivals- lack cohesive identity- no history together
• 2 groups bound unconsciously
• unconscious hate between the groups