INBDE - HYPERTENSION

Question 1

Hydrochlorothiazide (diuretic)

Answer 1

MOA:
* Blocking Na/Cl transporter (distal tubule)
​
Side effects:
* Orthostatic hypotension, vasovagal response
​
* Hyperglycemia
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/hydrochlorothiazide-oral-tablet

Question 2

Furosemide (diuretic)

Answer 2

MOA:
* Blocking Na/Cl transporter (loop diuretic)
​
Side effects:
* Hypokalemia;
* Hypercalcemia;
* hearing loss;
* nephrite interstitial;
* orthostatic hypotension
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/furosemide-oral-tablet

Question 3

Spironolactone

Answer 3

MOA:
* Blocking aldosterone receptors (collecting duct)
* Potassium sparing diuretics – Hyperkalemia
​
Characteristics:
* Only diuretic that cause Hyperkalemia
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-spironolactone-oral-tablet

Question 4

Spironolactone (Torsemide, amiloride, triamterene)

Answer 4

MOA:
* kidneys release more sodium then takes water with it from the
blood decreasing the amount of fluid through the blood vessel
hence lowering blood pressure.

Characteristics:
* Xerostomia

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/drugs-spironolactone-oral-tablet

Question 5

ACE inhibitors (Lisinopril, enalapril, captopril, fosinopril)

Answer 5

MOA:
* Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI)
* Inhibits conversion from Angiotensin l e ll
* Flush water and sodium
* Decreases the production of Aldosterone (electrolyte balance)
* Increases Renin and Angiotensin system (RAAS)

Characteristics:
* Increase Bradykinin “it is in charge of
producing cough”
* hyperkalemia
* orthostatic hypotension
(chair).
* Contraindicated in pregnancy.

** Side effect: **
* cough (most common)

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/326791

Question 6

Losartan, candesartan, irbesartan, valsartan

Answer 6

MOA:
* Angiotensin ll Receptor Blocker (ARB)

Characteristics:
* Used to substitute symptoms of cough from
lisinopril.

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/losartan-oral-tablet

Question 7

Nifedipine, amlodipine, diltiazem, verapamil

Answer 7

MOA:
* Inhibits the entry of calcium ions in L-type calcium channels
* Decrease vascular smooth muscle contractility
* Decrease of peripheral vascular resistance and heart contraction
* Lowers blood pressure by decreasing cardiac workload
* Cause vasodilation

Side effect:
* gingival hyperplasia or gingivitis
* non-bacterial

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323724

Question 8

Atenolol, metoprolol

Answer 8

MOA:
* β-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker (selective)
​
Characteristics:
* Xerostomia
​
medicalnewstoday.com/articles/tenormin#_noHeaderPrefixedContent

Question 9

Propranolol

Answer 9

MOA:
* Β1 and β2 receptors Blockers (non selective)
​
Characteristics:
* Xerostomia
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/316061

Question 10

Prazosin, doxazosin, terazosin

Answer 10

MOA:
* α-Adrenergic Blocker

https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/bisoprolol-oral-tablet

Question 11

Carvediol, labetado

Answer 11

MOA:
* β and α-Adrenergic Blocker
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/carvedilol-oral-tablet

Question 12

Clonidine, guanfacine, methyldopa

Answer 12

MOA:
* α-Adrenergic Agonist (α2 in CSN)
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323724

Question 13

Hydralazine (vasodilator)

Answer 13

MOA:
* Open K+ channel to cause vasodilation
​
Side effect:
* Gingival bleeding
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323724

Question 14

Minoxidil
(Nitroglicerin*)

Answer 14

MOA:
* Direct Vasodilator
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/minoxidil

Question 15

Guanadrel, reserpine

Answer 15

MOA:
* Peripherial Adrenergic Inhibitors
​
https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323724#peripheral-adrenergic-inhibitors

Question 16

Aliskiren

Answer 16

MOA:
* Direct Renin Inhibitor (DRI)