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DDD > IN VIVO TESTING > Flashcards

IN VIVO TESTING Flashcards

1
Q

Involves experiments conducted on living organisms, typically animals, to observe effects of a drug in a whole-body system.

A

IN VIVO TESTING

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2
Q

Involves experiments performed in isolated cells, tissues, or organs outside of a living organisms, providing a simplified model for studying drug effects.

A

IN VITRO TESTING

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3
Q

Evaluating the safety of drugs through _____ studies is a critical step in drug development process. These studies use live animal models to assess the potential risks and side effects of a drug candidate before clinical trials in humans.

A

IN VIVO

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4
Q

In vivo studies provide valuable insights into how a drug interacts with a living organism, including its?

A

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION, METABOLISM and EXCRETION

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5
Q

In vivo studies provide ______ into how a drug interacts with a living organisms, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

A

VALUABLE INSIGHTS

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6
Q

In vivo study provide valuable insights into how a drug interacts with a living organisms, including its absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion.

A

UNDERSTANDING DRUG BEHAVIOR

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7
Q

These studies assess the potential for a drug to cause adverse effects, such as organ damage, reproductive issues, or carcinogenicity.

A

EVALUATING TOXICITY

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8
Q

The data from in vivo studies helps researchers design safer and more effective clinical trials in human participants.

A

INFORMING CLINICAL TRIALS

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9
Q

Drug safety evaluations must comply with guidelines set by organizations like the?

A

FDA - FOOD AND DRUGS ADMINISTRATION

EMA - EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY

OECD- ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC CO-OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT

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10
Q

Drug safety evaluations must comply with guidelines set by organizations like the FDA, EMA, OECD.

A

GLOBAL REGULATORY BODIES

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11
Q

In vivo studies must adhere to strict animal welfare regulations and protocols to minimize suffering.

A

ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS

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12
Q

Regulatory agencies provide standardized study designs and methods to ensure consistent, high-quality data.

A

STANDARDIZED PROTOCOLS

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13
Q

The primary agency responsible for regulating animal use in drug development in the Philippines is the _____ which is under the Department of Agriculture (DA).

A

BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY (BAI)

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14
Q

The primary agency responsible for regulating animal use in drug development in the Philippines is the Bureau of Animal Industry which is under the ______?

A

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (DA)

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15
Q

The BAI oversees and implements the ______, which provides the legal framework for the humane treatment if animals used in research and development.

A

ANIMAL WELFARE ACT OF 1998 (REPUBLIC ACT NO. 8485)

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16
Q

4 roles of Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI)

A

• ISSUE PERMITS
• MONITOR AND INSPECT
• INVESTIGATE COMPLAINTS
• PROMOTE ETHICAL PRACTICES

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17
Q

Involved in setting standards for the use of animals in biomedical research.

A

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH (DOH)

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18
Q

The DOH may be Involved in setting standards for the use of animals in ______.

A

BIOMEDICAL RESEARCH

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19
Q

May provide guidelines and ethical review for research involving animals.

A

PHILIPPINE COUNCIL FOR HEALTH RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT (PCHRD)

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20
Q

Are established with research institutions to review and approve animal use protocols.

A

INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITTEES (IACUCs)

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21
Q

Who is the head of Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs)

A

VETERINARIAN

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22
Q

what is REC

A

RESEARCH ETHICS COMMITTEE

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23
Q

This department is established in university.

A

INSTITUTIONAL ANIMAL CARE AND USE COMMITEEs (IACUCS)

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24
Q

2 types if Animal Models for Drug Testing:

A

RODENT MODELS
NON-RODENT MODELS

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25
Q

3 Rodent Models:

A

MICE
RATS
GUINEA PIGS

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26
Q

2 Rodent Models that is usually used in the Philippines

A

MICE
RATS

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27
Q

Most Common Animal Models for Drug Testing?

A

RODENT MODELS

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28
Q

Small size, short lifespan, east to breed and handle.

A

MICE

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29
Q

Larger size, longer lifespan, more robust physiology.

A

RATS

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30
Q

Rodent Model most common in US

A

GUINEA PIGS

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31
Q

A rodent model that is Similar to human in terms of vitamin C requirements

A

GUINEA PIGS

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32
Q

4 Non-Rodent Models:

A

PRIMATES
PIGS
DOGS
RABBITS

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33
Q

A non-rodent model that is closest to humans in terms of physiology and genetics, valuable for studying diseases like HIV and Alzheimer’s.

A

PRIMATES

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34
Q

A non-rodent model that test in monkey

A

PRIMATES

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35
Q

Used for studying organ transplantation and cardiovascular research, similar size and anatomy to humans.

A

PIGS

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36
Q

A non-rodent model that is large animal models for studying cancer; diabetes and cardiovascular diseases, long lifespan allows for chronic studies.

5/10 year study

A

DOGS

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37
Q

A non-rodent model used for studying reproductive and developmental toxicology convenient size and relatively low cost.

A

RABBITS

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38
Q

They are widely used in drug research due to their physiological similarities to humans.

A

RATS

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39
Q

What do you call an albino rats?

A

WISTAR RATS

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40
Q

A rat that is easier to die and weak?

A

WISTAR RATS

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41
Q

Are an albino strain characterized by their white fur and pink eyes

A

WISTAR RATS

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42
Q

They are known for their rapid growth adaptability, making them suitable for various research purposes.

A

WISTAR RATS

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43
Q

Wistar Rats are commonly used in?

A

• TOXICOLOGY
• CANCER RESEARCH
• BEHAVIORAL STUDIES

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44
Q

They predictable responses to drug treatments make them valuable models for evaluating drug efficacy and safety.

A

WISTAR RATS

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45
Q

They are smaller than Wistar Rats.

A

SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS

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46
Q

are a popular strain known for their docile nature, rapid growth rate, a d high reproductive rate.

A

SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS

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47
Q

Sprague Dawley Rats are commonly used in the study of?

A

• TOXICOLOGY
• PHARMACOLOGY
• SAFETY TESTING

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48
Q

Their consistent physiology allows for reliable data collection and interpretation.

A

SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS

49
Q

Researchers often used ____ rats for general toxicity testing and to evaluate drug efficacy.

A

SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS

50
Q

A fusion of albino and kitchen rats.

A

LONG-EVANS RATS

51
Q

Are known for their hooded coat pattern, featuring a darker, pigmented area on the head and shoulders.

A

LONG-EVANS RATS

52
Q

They are often used in behavioral research due to their well-documented behavioral pattern and responses.

A

LONG-EVANS RATS

53
Q

They are valuable models for studying neurological disorders and drug-induced behavioral changes.

A

LONG-EVANS RATS

54
Q

Long ears, tail lengths shorter than body lengths and wider head

A

WISTAR RATS

55
Q

Grows faster than Wistar Rats, (Gain 400 g BW by 12 weeks and Wistar rats gain- 350 g BW)

A

SPRAGUE DAWLEY RATS

56
Q

Black hooded rat. Cross between a female albino and a wild male (Rattus norvegicus)

A

LONG-EVANS RATS

57
Q

Are genetically predisposed to hypertension, characterized by elevated blood pressure.

A

SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS (SHR)

58
Q

These rats are commonly used in research on cardiovascular disease, including stroke, heart failure and hypertension.

A

SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS (SHR)

59
Q

Animal model of essential (or primary) hypertension used to study cardiovascular disease.

A

SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

60
Q

They are valuable models for evaluating new drugs for hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders.

A

SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

61
Q

Their sensitivity to hypertension makes them particularly useful for testing the efficacy or antihypertensive drugs.

A

SPONTANEOUSLY HYPERTENSIVE RATS

62
Q

Are genetically predisposed to obesity and type 2 diabetes.

A

ZUCKER DIABETIC FATTY RATS

63
Q

Zucker Diabetic Fatty Rats are genetically presdisposed to _____ and _____.

A

OBESITY and Type 2 Diabetes

64
Q

These rats are characterized by their distinctive white fur and tendency to develop insulin resistance.

A

ZUCKER DIABETIC FATTY RATS

65
Q

Are valuable models for studying diabetes, obesity and related metabolic disorders.

A

ZUCKER DIABETIC FATTY RATS

66
Q

Researchers utilize ____ to evaluate the efficacy and safety of new drugs for managing diabetes and obesity.

A

ZUCKER DIABETES FATTY RATS

67
Q

Consider the specific genetic makeup of the rat strain, as it can influence susceptibility to diseases and drug responses.

A

GENETIC BACKGROUND

68
Q

Ensure that rats are healthy and free from pre-existing conditions that might confused research findings.

A

HEALTH STATUS

69
Q

Controlled environmental conditions, including temperature, humidity, and light cycles, are crucial for consistent results.

A

ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS

70
Q

A SINGLE, HIGH DOSE OF THE DRUG IS GIVEN TO ASSESS IMMEDIATE SHORT-TERM EFFECTS.

A
71
Q

Acute Toxicity Studies:

A

DOSE ADMINISTRATION
OBSERVATION PERIOD
PATHOLOGY ANALYSIS

72
Q

The drug is administered for a longer period, typically ____, to assess medium-term effects.

A

28-90 DAYS

73
Q

Multiple dose levels are tested to determine the threshold for toxicity and establish safe dosing ranges.

A

DOSE LEVELS

74
Q

The drug is administered for an extended period, typically ____ to assess long-term effects.

A

6 months - 2 years

75
Q

3 Sub chronic Toxicity Studies:

A

EXPOSURE DURATION
DOSE LEVELS
COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION

76
Q

3 Chronic Toxicity Studies:

A

LONG-TERM EXPOSURE
DOSE ESCALATION
COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENET

77
Q

The drug is administered for a longer period, typically 28-90 days, to assess medium-term effects.

A

EXPOSURE DURATION

78
Q

In-depth analysis of clinical chemistry, hematology, and histopathology to identify potential organ-specific toxicity.

A

COMPREHENSIVE EVALUATION

79
Q

The drug is administered for an extended period, typically 6 months to 2 years, to assess long-term effects.

A

LONG-TERM EXPOSURE

80
Q

Gradually increasing the dose over time to identify the maximum tolerable dose and potential cumulative toxicity.

A

DOSE ESCALATION

81
Q

In-depth evaluation of organ function, histopathology, and any other adverse effects that may develop.

A

COMPREHENSIVE ASSESSMENT

82
Q

Assessing the drug’s impact on mating, conception and sperm/egg production.

A

FERTILITY

83
Q

Fertility is assessing the drug’s impact on?

A

MATING, CONCEPTION and SPERM/EGG PRODUCTION

84
Q

Evaluating the drug’s effects on the developing embryo and fetus during pregnancy.

A

EMBRYONIC/FETAL DEVELOPMENT

85
Q

Monitoring the growth and development of offspring exposed to the drug in utero.

A

POSTNATAL DEVELOPMENT

86
Q

Examining the drug’s effects over multiple generations to identify any heritable changes.

A

MULTI-GENERATION STUDIES

87
Q

4 Reproductive Toxicity Studies:

A

FERTILITY
EMBRYONIC/FETAL DEVELOPMENT
POSTNATAL DEVOPMENT
MULTI-GENERATION STUDIES

88
Q

Assessing the drug’s potential to cause permanent changes in the genetic material of cells.

A

MUTAGENICITY

89
Q

Evaluating the drug’s ability to induce chromosomal breaks, rearrangements, or other abnormalities.

A

CLASTOGENICITY

90
Q

Analyzing the drug’s impact on the integrity and repair of genetic material

A

DNA DAMAGE

91
Q

Demonstrates the drug’s ability to achieve its intended effect.

A

PROOF-OF-CONCEPT

92
Q

Determines the optimal dosage for efficacy.

A

DOSE RESPONSE

93
Q

Identifies the range of doses that provide benefit without excessive toxicity.

A

THERAPEUTIC WINDOW

94
Q

Assesses the drug’s effectiveness over extended period.

A

LONG-TERM EFFICACY

95
Q

Assess effects on heart rate, blood pressure and rhythm.

A

CARDIOVASCULAR

96
Q

Cardiovascular assess effects on ____, ____, ____?

A

HEART RATE
BLOOD PRESSURE
RHYTHM

97
Q

Evaluate impact on breathing rate, depth, and lung function.

A

RESPIRATORY

98
Q

Examines effects on behavior cognition, and motor function.

A

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

99
Q

Assess impact on digestion, absorption, and bowel movement.

A

GASTROINTESTINAL

100
Q

Gastrointestinal assess impact on ____, _____, _____?

A

DIGESTION
ABSORPTION
BOWEL MOVEMENTS

101
Q

Respiratory evaluate impact on ____, ____, _____?

A

BREATHING RATE
DEPTH
LUNG FUNCTION

102
Q

Central Nervous System examine effects on ____, ____, _____?

A

BEHAVIOR
COGNITIVE
MOTOR FUNCTION

103
Q

It increase immune system

A

IMMUNODULATION

104
Q

It decrease immune system

A

IMMUNOSUPRESSION

105
Q

Measure the production of antibodies against the drug or its components.

A

ANTIBODY RESPONSE

106
Q

Examines tissue samples under a microscope to access the presence of immune cells and inflammation.

A

HISTOPATHOLOGY

107
Q

3R’d in Ethical Principles in Animal Research:

A

REPLACEMENT
REDUCTION
REFINEMENT

108
Q

Seek to replace animal models with alternative methods such as in vitro or in silico approaches whenever possible.

A

REPLACEMENT

109
Q

Design studies to minimize the number of animals used while maintaining scientific validity.

A

REDUCTION

110
Q

Continually improve procedures to enhance animal welfare and minimize pain, distress, and suffering.

A

REFINEMENT

111
Q

Injection is better than ____, delivers directly into GIT.

A

GAVAGE

112
Q

It is better than GAVAGE, delivers directly into GIT.

A

INJECTION

113
Q

Utilize appropriate anesthetic agents to eliminate pain and distress during procedures.

A

ANESTHESIA

114
Q

Provide analgesics to manage pain and discomfort before, during, and after experiments.

A

ANALGESIA

115
Q

Ensure humane and painless methods of euthanasia when animals must be sacrificed.

A

EUTHANASIA

116
Q

Provide appropriate, spacious, and enriched environments to support animal’s natural behaviors.

A

HOUSING

117
Q

Ensure that animals receive a balanced and nutritious diet to maintain their health and well-being.

A

NUTRITION

118
Q

Establish comprehensive veterinary oversight to monitor the animals’ health and address any issues promptly.

A

VETERINARY CARE

DDD (11 decks)

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