2 Flashcards
Drug Discovery in the Ancient Times:
• ANCIENT EGYPT
• ANCIENT GREECE
• ANCIENT ROME
• ANCIENT INDIA
Ancient Egypt civilization fluorished in the?
NILE VALLEY
It is known for its advanced medical knowledge, complex religious beliefs, and impressive architectural achievements.
ANCIENT EGYPTIAN (NILE VALLEY)
Ancient Greece is recognized for its contributions to?
PHILOSOPHY
SCIENCE
MEDICINE
It is the development of the Hippocratic Oath and the foundation of Western Medicine.
ANCIENT GREECE
Ancient Greece is recognized for its contributions to Philosophy, Science and medicine, including the development of ______ and the _____?
• HIPPOCRATIC OATH
• FOUNDATION OF WESTERN MEDICINE
The roman Empire is known for its?
VASTNESS
INFLUENCE
Ancient India developed a sophisticated system of medicine known as?
AYURVEDA
It emphasized holistic healing and the use of natural remedies?
AYURVEDA
Who developed the sophisticated system of medicine known as Ayurveda which emphasizes holistic healing and the use of the natural remedies?
ANCIENT INDIA
Who is known for its vastness and Influence?
ROMAN EMPIRE (ANCIENT ROME)
Early Medicinal Practices in the Ancient Times:
• OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION
• RITUALS AND SUPERSTITIONS
• DEVELOPING HERBAL REMEDIES
Early medicinal practices were often based on _____ and _____, using natural remedies from plants and minerals.
OBSERVATION AND EXPERIMENTATION
Early Medicinal practices were often based on observation and experimentation, using natural remedies from?
• PLANTS
• MINERALS
Many cultures believed in supernatural forces and spirits, incorporating rituals and magical practices into their healing
methods.
RITUALS AND SUPERSTITIONS
Ancient healers learned to identify and use specific plants for their medicinal properties, leading to the development of herbal remedies.
DEVELOPING HERBAL REMEDIES
Observation is also called as?
EMPIRICAL
Ancient Pharmacopoeia and Knowledge Sharing:
• WRITTEN RECORDS
• KNOWLEDGE TRANSMISSION
• SHARING OF KNOWLEDGE
A collection of different medications?
PHARMACOPOEIA
Ancient civilizations developed written pharmacopoeias, documenting medicinal plants, remedies and treatment methods.
WRITTEN RECORD
Ancient civilizations developed ____documenting medicinal plants, remedies and treatment methods.
WRITTEN PHARMACOPOEIAS
Knowledge about medicine was passed down through oral traditions and apprenticeships, ensuring its continuity.
KNOWLEDGE TRANSMISSION
Trade and cultural exchange facilitated the sharing of medical knowledge between civilizations, spreading therapeutic practices.
SHARING OF KNOWLEDGE
It Primarily focuses on medical diagnosis and treatments, it also provides valuable insights into Ancient Egypt drug discovery.
EBERS PAPYRUS / PAPYRUS EBERS
Scroll was found in the?
TOMB OF A MUMMY
Who discovered Scroll or Ebers Papyrus?
GEORGE EBERS
The papyrus lists various natural remedies including ____, ____, _____, and _____. These substances were used to treat various ailments, such as pain, fever and digestive disorders.
• HERBS
• PLANTS
• MINERALS
• ANIMAL PRODUCTS
They suggests that ancient Egyptians relied on empirical observations to discover mee remedies.
EBERS PAPYRUS
Advancement in Ancient Pharmaceutical Techniques:
GRINDING AND MIXING
STORING AND PRESERVING
DISTILLATION AND EXTRACTION
INHALING REMEDIES
Who discovered Opium for Pain relief?
ANCIENT EGYPTIANS
Ancient Egyptians used opium, extracted from the _____ as a pain reliever and sedative?
POPPY PLANT
Opium or Poppy Plant can cause?
PAIN RELIEVER
SEDATIVE
Who discovered Willow Bark for Fever Reduction
ANCIENT GREEKS
Who discovered the used for digitalis for Heart Conditions?
ANCIENT ROMANS
Ancient Greeks recognized the effectiveness of ____ for reducing fever, a precursor to modern aspirin.
WILLOW BARK
Ancient Romans used digitalis, derived from the ____, to treat heart conditions, a precursor to modern heart medications.
FOXGLOVE PLANT
Ancient drug development was
often based on empirical observations and traditional practices rather than scientific understanding.
LACK OF SCIENTIFIC UNDERSTANDING
Ancient civilizations had limited
knowledge of human anatomy and
physiology, hindering their
understanding of disease processes.
LIMITED KNOWLEDGE OF ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY
Many herbal remedies had significant toxicity and side effects, posing risks to patients.
TOXICITY AND SIDE EFFECTS
were used to grind and mix herbs creating powders and tinctures for medicinal purposes.
MORTAR AND PESTLE
Mortars and pestles were used to grind and mix herbs, creating ____ and ____ for medicinal purposes.
POWDERS
TINCTURES
Were used to store and preserve herbal remedies, ensuring their potency and efficacy.
VIALS
JARS
Some civilizations developed distillation techniques to extract essential pils and other medicinal compounds.
DISTILLATION AND EXTRACTION
Inhaling vapors from incense and other medicinal substances was a common practice for treating?
RESPIRATORY AILMENTS
Inhaling vapors from incense and other medicinal substances was a common practice for treating respiratory ailments
INHALING REMEDIES
They laid the foundation for modern medicine, highlighting the importance of observing natural remedies, developing pharmaceutical techniques, and sharing knowledge.
ANCIENT CIVILIZATIONS
Period of enlightenment
RENAISSANCE PERIODS
They witnessed significant advancements in drug discovery and development, laying the foundation for mordern medicine.
MEDIEVAL AND RENAISSANCE PERIODS
they often associated with the pursuit of gold, also delved into the study of substances and their properties, contributing to early pharmacology.
ALCHEMISTS
Their experiments laid the foundation for early chemical processes, laying the groundwork for later advancements in drug extraction and purification.
ALCHEMISTS
They developed distillation techniques, which revolutionized the extraction and concentration of medical substances.
ALCHEMISTS
Herbal remedies dominated medicinal practices during the medieval period relying on the knowledge of plants’ therapeutic properties.
HERBALISM’S RISE
They played a povital role in preserving and transmitting knowledge about medicinal plants, creating extensive herbals and gardens
MONASTERIES AND CONVENTS
Monasteries and Convents played a pivotal role in preserving and transmitting knowledge about medicinal plants, creating extensive herbals and gardens.
TRADITIONAL WISDOM
They meticulously recorded plant properties and their use in treating various ailments, forming the foundation for early pharmacopoeias.
MONKS
Were widely used for a range of conditions from common illness to complex diseases, showcasing the effectiveness of plants in medicine.
HERBAL REMEDIES
Served as centere of learning and knowledge, playing a vital role in preserving and transmitting medicinal knowledge.
MONASTERIES
Served as centers of learning and knowledge, playing a vital role in preserving and transmitting medicinal knowledge.
MONASTERIES
Monks meticulously recorded plant propertied and their uses in treating various ailments, forming the foundation for early pharmacopoeias.
EARLY PHARMACOPOEAIS
Monasteries served as centers of learning and knowledge, playing a vital role in preserving and transmitting medicinal knowledge.
CENTERS OF KNOWLEDGE
They meticulously cultivated and preserved medicinal plants, ensuring a steady supply for remedies and treatments.
MONKS
Monks meticulously cultivated and preserved medicinal plants, ensuring a steady supply for remedies and treatments.
CULTIVATION AND PRESERVATION
Full name of Theophrastus
Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim
The book that was created by Theophratus?
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS / THE HISTORIA PLANTARUM
It is a comprehensive work on botany by the ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus?
ENQUIRY INTO PLANTS / THE HISTORIA PLANTARUM
An ancient Greek Philosopher?
THEOPHRASTUS
He classified plants based on their physical characteristics, which laid the groundwork for future botanical studies and the identification of medicinal plants.
THEOPHRATUS
Theophratus work influenced subsequent herbalist and physicans, such as ____ who expanded upon his knowledge of medicinal plants.
DIOSCORIDES
What is the written work of Pedanius Dioscorides?
DE MATERIA MEDICA
Is a groundbreaking work on pharmacology and botany that has had a profound influence on the history of medicine.
DE MATERIA MEDICA
Pedanius Dioscorides De Materia Medica is a groundbreaking work on ____ and ____ that has had a profound influence on the history of medicine.
PHARMACOLOGY AND BOTANY
The Historia Plantarum is a comprehensive work on ____ by the Ancient Greek philosopher Theophrastus.
BOTANY
De Materia Maedica was written in?
1ST CENTURY AD
De Materia Medica was written in the 1st Century AD, this encyclopedia style text provides detailed descriptions of over ______, ____, _____ along with their medicinal propertied and uses
600 PLANTS, ANIMALS AND MINERALS
Dioscorides work helped to standardize medicinal knowledge and establish a foundation for future pharmacological research
DE MATERIA MEDICA
The emergence of universities in the 12th century ushered in a new era of academic inquiry, leading to the systematic study of medicine and pharmacology.
ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS
Scholars began focusing on the specific properties of medicinal compounds and their interactions with the human body.
FOCUS ON MEDICINAL COMPOUNDS
University Scholars developed textbooks that summarized existing knowledge and provided insights into the efficacy of various remedies.
DEVELOPMENT OF MEDICAL TEXTBOOKS
The study of medicinal compounds within universities laid the foundation for early pharmacological research and drug development.
EARLY PHARMACOLOGICAL RESEARCH
The renaissance period witnessed a renewed emphasis on anatomical dissections, leading to a more accurate understanding of the human body.
ANSTOMICAL DISSECTIONS
detailed anatomical drawings revolutionized the study of human anatomy, providing unprecedented insight into its structure
Leonardo da Vinci
The Renaissance saw the introduction of ___ and ___ offering more convenient and standardized way to administer medications.
PILLS AND TABLETS
it is developed to make medications more palatable and easier to swallow, especially for children and those with difficulty swallowing.
SYRUPS AND ELIXIRS
were used topically to treat skin conditions and wounds, offering targeted delivery of medicinal ingredients.
OINTMENTS AND SALVES
were introduced for rectal administration, allowing medications to bypass the digestive system and target specific areas.
ENEMAS AND SUPPOSITORIES
Despite advancements, there was still a limited understanding of disease processes and the true mechanisms of drug action.
LIMITED UNDERSTANDING
Drug preparation and dosages were often inconsistent, leading to variable effectiveness and potential toxicity.
LACK OF STANDARDIZATION
Some treatments involved harmful substances or practices, highlighting the need for ethical considerations in drug development.
ETHICAL CONCERS
The scientific method which would later revolutionize drug delivery, was not fully established, leading to a reliance on tradition and observation.
LACK OF SCIENTIFIC METHOD
A renowned Persian Physician, made significant contributions to pharmacology, writing extensively on medicinal plants and their properties.
AVICENNA
was a key medical text and was considered required reading at the University of Vienna in 1537 and contained descriptions of over 700 medicinal plants and the medicines that could be derived from them .
CANNONS OF MEDICINE
Cannons of Medicine was a key
medical text and was considered required reading at the ________ in ___ and contains descriptions of over 700 medicinal
plants and the medicines that could be derived from them .
UNIVERSITY OF VIENNA IN 1537
The author of Cannons of Medicine
AVICENNA
The father of toxicology?
PARACELSUS
The father of botany?
THEOPHRASTUS
controversial but influential Renaissance physician, challenged traditional medical practices and advocated for the use of
chemicals and minerals in medicine.
PARACELSUS
He is considered a key figure in
the development of modern medicine and is known for his rejection of traditional medical theories in favor of empirical observation and experimentation.
PARACELSUS
He wants to make sure that the chemicals used in medicines were not harmful or safe to use.
PARACELSUS
The Golden Age of Drug Discovery
19th CENTURY
significant progress in understanding the human body’s chemistry and how drugs interacted with it.
19th Century
The Advancements in techniques like spectroscopy and chromatography allowed for the identification and isolation of active compounds was developed in?
19th CENTURY
These breakthroughs led to the development of new drugs for treating
diseases like ____ and ____.
MALARIA AND SYPHILIS
When did These breakthroughs led to the development of new drugs for treating
diseases like malaria and syphilis.
19th Century
Advancements in techniques like _____ and _____ allowed for the identification and isolation of active compounds.
SPECTROSCOPY AND CHROMAGTOGRAPHY
Notable figures in the 19th Century:
• Friedrich Sertürner
• Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou
• William Withering
• Edward Jenner
He isolated morphine from opium in 1805, the first alkaloid to be isolated.
Friedrich Sertürner
Friedrich Sertürner Isolated ____ from ____ in 1805, the first alkaloid to be isolated
MORPHINE FROM OPIUM
When did Friedrich Sertürner isolated Morphine from Opium?
1805
Isolated quinine from cinchona
bark in 1820, a crucial antimalarial drug.
PIERRE JOSEPH PELLETIER AND JOSEPH CAVENTOU
Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Cavento isolated ____ from ____ in 1820, a crucial antimalarial drug.
QUININE FROM CINCHONA BARK
When did Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph Caventou isolated quinine in cinchona bark?
1820
A crucial antimalarial drug
QUININE
Investigated the medicinal properties of digitalis in the late 18th century, leading to its use in treating heart failure
William Withering
Investigated the medicinal properties of ____ in the late 18th century, leading to its use in treating heart failure
DIGITALIS
Digitalis is used in treating?
HEART FAILURE
He Developed the smallpox vaccine
in 1796, a significant breakthrough in public health.
EDWARD JENNER
Edward Jenner developed the ____ in ____, a significant breakthrough in public health.
SMALLPOX VACCINE IN 1796
The father of immunology?
EDWARD JENNER
The Rise of Synthetic Drugs in the?
19th Century
saw the rise of synthetic drug production,
marking a new era in medicine.
19th Century
New Era of Medicines is in?
19th Century
Advances in organic chemistry
allowed scientists to synthesize
complex molecules with therapeutic potential.
19th Century
The development of antiseptics
like carbolic acid and anesthetics
like chloroform revolutionized
surgery.
19th Century
One of the most significant
breakthroughs was the synthesis
of aspirin, a painkiller still widely
used today.
A widely used painkiller today?
ASPIRIN
Used in the treatment of syphilis?
SALVARSAN
The development of antiseptics
like _____ and anesthetics
like _____ revolutionized
surgery.
CARBOLIC ACID
CHLOROFORM
The era of pharmaceutical revolution?
20th Century
The Industrial Revolution fueled the
development of large-scale
pharmaceutical manufacturing.
20th Century
Dedicated pharmaceutical companies
like Bayer, Merck, and Parke-Davis
emerged, focusing on drug research
and production
20th Century
witnessed the establishment of a more standardized drug development process, including preclinical testing, clinical trials, and regulatory approval.
20th Century
The discovery of microorganisms and their role in disease led to
a paradigm shift in medicine.
20th Century
Who discovered the penicillin in 1928 marked the dawn of the antibiotic era.
ALEXANDER FLEMING
The discovery of penicillin by Alexander Fleming in 1928 marked
the dawn of the antibiotic era.
20th Century
Antibiotics revolutionized the treatment of bacterial infections, saving countless lives and dramatically improving public health
20th CENTURY
spurred the development
of new drugs for treating war
injuries and diseases.
WWII
The demand for _____ during
the war led to mass production
and technological
advancements.
PENICILLIN
The demand for penicillin during
the war led to mass production
and technological
advancements.
20th Century
WWII spurred the development
of new drugs for treating war
injuries and diseases.
20th Century
The war also increased government funding for medical research, accelerating scientific discoveries.
20th Century
The Birth of arational Drug Design is in the?
20th Century
