In-vivo models

Question 1

What are ways to create in vitro models?

Answer 1

2-D plates
3-D flask
spheroid

Question 2

What is the difference between 3D and 2D models?

Answer 2

3D- It’s mimics microenvironment can see drug resistance, intercats with ECM, cell cell contact, diffusion gradient

Question 3

What is the matrix made up of? How does it work?

Answer 3

Sodium alginate beads, calcium and chitosan.

Question 4

Alginate beads promote metastasis

Answer 4

True

Question 5

What is the downside of using invivo models?

Answer 5

Sfety
long time
variation of tumours/low intake rate

Question 6

What’s the difference between transgenic mouse and mutant mouse?

Answer 6

For mutant it sponateously arises for transgenic a tumour promiting gene is deliberately introduced

Question 7

What is a must when using rodents as models?

Answer 7

They have to immunodeficient

Question 8

Does different cell lines have a different response even though same cancer?

Answer 8

Yes

Question 9

Why doesn’t in vitro models mimic real life tumours envirnoment?

Answer 9

Because there is an increase in cell cycle in established cell lines it’s unregulated which doesn’t necessarily mimic all of the cells in the patient, it takes a lot of time for cancer to develop in the patient versus in vivo

Question 10

How can micoenvrionment mimic the real one?

Answer 10

Stromal interaaction
hypoxia relevant vasculature
epithelial to mesenchymal transition
cancer stem cells

Question 11

Why is vascularation important in models?

Answer 11

Because t predics chemo and radio therapy sensitivity
influences drug delievery
mesenchymal trasnition will also be modelled
potentitiates development of CSC
induce VEGF expression

Question 12

Why is stromal interaction important? How is it modelled?

Answer 12

Because it protects the stem cell niche
injecting human tumour derived fibroblasts, differntiating mesenchymal cells with stromal cells
ECM supplements

Question 13

How do we add CSC to the model?

Answer 13

We can enrich for these cells in vitro and then study their expansion

Question 14

What would be a good experimental for studying cancer?What are some challenges should we should focus on to create the perfect model?

Answer 14

Using clinically equivilant doses
combination studies
resistant cell lines
Treatng primary cell lines
Timinig of administration, single therapy, levels of drugs and pharmokinetics have to be achievable in patients

Question 15

How is timing important when administerating the therapy?

Answer 15

The models should have the cancer stage as humans, not early on because in patients alot of cancer is detected at the metastaic stage, findings will be more representative.

Question 16

What is a way where tumours can mimick the environment?

Answer 16

XENOGRAFT orthotopic transplantaion

Question 17

How is imaging done for animals?

Answer 17

Optical

Question 18

How do optimal reporters work? What are the positives and negatives of using it? What are the 2 kinds? What can be used instead to make up for limited luminescence?

Answer 18

Hydrolyzes ATP uses sugar and oxygen
Fast, non invasive
limted depth, not transfereble to clini, limited useful luminescence
fluorescence and luminescence
Multispectral technology

Question 19

How can we model metastasis?

Answer 19

By removing primary tumour-spontaneous

Question 20

Explain metastatic bone tumour

Answer 20

There is an increase of osteoclasts and osteoblasts whencancer metastasizes there which will increase osteoclasts and osteoblasts leading to lytic lesion and hardening of the bones which will lead to malformation and weakened bones

Question 21

Metastasis from the same primary tumour responds differently to the same drugs

Answer 21

true

Question 22

What are ways to insert drug and optical reporter in models?

Answer 22

injection
tracheal implantation via cannula
surgical implantation
iv injection

Question 23

What are the quantum dots? What is good about it?

Answer 23

They are semi conductors noncrystals with fluorescence probes. They are photostable, many colours, greater depth, accuracy, efficient the higher the wavelength the less teh signal absorption, can detect below infared and after infared

Question 24

How is signal detected in fluorescence? What is the ratio of quantum efficiency between emission and excitation?

Answer 24

The distance between excitation and emission

1

Question 25

How are dual reporters injected in cells and what processes do they monitor?

Answer 25

Lentiviral vector mediated delivery and liposome mediated techniques.
Apoptosis, p53 expression, calcium signalling, stem cell morkers

Question 26

What are problems with quantum dots?

Answer 26

Energy dramatically decreases as the wavelength increases

needs laser and supercooled cameras

Question 27

What is animal scientific procedures?

Answer 27

It regulates any experiment done to a protected animal that can hurt them, any living vertebrae or immature animals