In The Vineyard Flashcards
What does the skin of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Color, tannins, flavor
What does the pulp of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Sugar, acid level, water and flavors
What does the stem and seeds of the grape contribute to winemaking?
Tannins
Which kind of grape has higher levels of color and tannins in the skin?
Black grapes
What does a vine require to grow?
Warmth Sunlight Water Nutrients CO2
What are the different stages of grape fermentation?
Flowering
Fruit Set
Veraison
Ripening
What is “extra” ripening”
The process of leaving grapes on the vine past the point when they might normally be harvested so the sugars and acids are concentrated in the grapes - often used to make sweet wine
What is botrytis/noble rot?
A fungus that can grown on grapes making tiny holes in the skin causing water to evaporate.
This has the effect of concentrating acids, sugars and flavors in grapes which are then used to make sweet wine
Why would a winemaker allow grapes to remain on the vine in the winter and freeze?
To freeze the water in the grapes, concentrating acids, sugars and flavors.
wine made from frozen grapes on the vine is called Icewine/Eiswein
What is the temperature range of cool grape growing climates?
62F or below (16.5C)
What is the temperature range of moderate grape growing climates?
62F - 65F (16.5-18.5C)
What is the temperature range of warm grape growing climates?
65F - 70F (18.5-21C)
What changes occur in grapes when they ripen?
Grapes swell with water
Acidity drops
Sugar increases
Flavors develop
How do the flavors of white grapes change as they ripen?
Flavors develop from green (unripe?) fruit to stone and/or tropical fruit
How to the flavors of black grapes change as the ripen?
Flavors develop from fresh to cooked fruit
What latitudes are most wine-growing regions located between?
30-50 degrees north or south of the equator
How does altitude influence growing conditions?
Temperature drops with altitude
How does proximity to seas influence growing conditions?
Ocean currents can cool warm regions or warm cool regions
How does proximity to rivers influence growing conditions?
Rivers reflect sunlight, helping grapes to ripen
They can also retain warmth in cooler seasons providing warmth to vineyards
How do clouds, fog and mist affect growing conditions?
Clouds, fog and mist can protect vineyards from sunlight and moderate warmer climates
How does proximity to mountains affect growing conditions?
Mountains can protect growing regions from clouds, rain and cold winds
How does slope and aspect affect growing conditions?
In moderate and cool climates vineyards sloped TOWARDS the equator receive more heat and light
How does soil affect growing conditions?
Soil needs to store enough water and nutrients to provide for the vine.
Stony soils can also absorb heat and warm a vineyard
What weather extremes can cause problems for grape growers?
Drought Temperature Sunlight Frost Hail Rain
What are training and pruning?
Training ensures vines grown on trellises retain their shape while pruning ensures vines retain their shape. both are necessary to produce a viable crop
What is irrigation?
In regions that lack sufficient rainfall vines need to be provided with water
Why might vines need to be sprayed?
To protect them from fungal diseases and small insects
What is yield?
The measure of the number of grapes produced per unit of area
What choice might a grape grower need to make about harvest?
How long to let grapes ripen as this affects the style of wine
What do GI’s indicate outside the EU?
Indicate where the grapes used to make wine were grown
What do GI’s indicate inside the EU?
Indicated where the grapes are grown. Each GI has extra regulations about where the grapes can be grown and how the wine can be made
What are the two subdivisions of the GI’s inside the EU?
Protected Designation of Origin (PDO)
Protected Geographical Indication (PGI)
What is a PDO?
PDO covers relatively small areas and have tightly defined regulations. most prestigious wines are classified with this term
What is PGI?
This term covers a wider area and has less strict regulations
What are the two French terms for PDO?
Appellations d’origine protegee (AOP)
Appellations d’ origine controlee (AOC)
What are the two French terms for PGI?
Indication geographique protegee (IGP)
Vin de pays (VdP)
What are two Italian terms for PDO?
Denominazione di Origine Controllata (DOC)
Denominazione di Origine Controllata e Garanitita (DOCG)
What is an Italian terms for PGI?
Indicazione Geografica Tipica (IGT)
What are two Spanish terms for PDO?
Denominacion de Origen (DO)
Denominacion de Origen Calificada) (DOCa)
What is the Spanish term for PGI?
Vino de la Tierra
What are two German terms for PDO?
Qualitatswein
Pradikatswein
What is the German term for PGI?
Landwein
What does the term Old Vine indicate?
A term not legally defined, that is often used to indicate that a wine has a higher quality
What does the term Late Harvest indicate?
It indicates the grapes have been left on the vine and picked much later.
What term indicates the grapes have been affected by noble rot?
Botrytis
