In class notes/ Botany for Gardeners Ch 10 Flashcards
Characteristics of moss
primitive lack roots lack vascularization low to the ground grow in clumps haploid (develop from mitosis of haploid spores)
Alternation of generations in mosses
baby gametophytes grow in the soil
make the sporophyte, which is the main plant. The sporophyte grows on top
Why is green moss called a gametophyte
its main role is to produce gametes
the gametes meet, form a zygote (diploid plant) that grows on top of the gametophyte. This is called the sporophyte because it produces the moss spores
Male plant structure for sperm
antheridia
female plant structure for ova
archegonia
What is the dominant generation of ferns?
main plant is the diploid sporophyte
Characteristics of ferns
vascularized
well-formed leaves, roots, stems
more prominent sporophyte role (compared to moss)
What is the main evidence that ferns are sporophytes?
they grow spores on the underside of their leaves in clusters called sori
Describe the fern gametophyte
very small and fragile; brief existence of these haploid plants fulfill their destined sexual function by producing antheridia and archegonia.
gymnosperms
a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. The term “gymnosperm” comes from the Greek word gymnospermos, meaning “naked seeds”, after the unenclosed condition of their seeds
Viable seeds in flowering plants develop how?
after the life cycle has progressed through the intervening stage of the haploid generation
reproduction in cones
germinated pollen grows in the ovules, where tiny female gametophytes are harbored.
reduction of the gametophytes size and its protection within the moist sporophyte tissues enable many gymnosperms and angiosperms to live and reproduce in dry habitats
angiosperms
flowering plants
aneuploidy
when plants inherit too many chromosomes. means “not good ploidy”
Colchicine
a chemical that artificially induces polyploidy
Why aren’t plants meaty?
developed an economical struccture that takes advantage of reliability
Why ripe fruit is delicious
fruits are plant organs that actually invite animals to eat them
deposits seeds in nourishing manure
change in color is the signal that the seeds are ready and viable
Characteristics that make plants unique
cell walls (shared with algae)
chloroplasts (specifically with chlorophyll B)
plasmodesmata
starch and cellulose in their walls
5 adaptations of land plants
- plasmodesmata
- alternation of generations
- oogamy and capsule: archegonia and antheridia
- waxy cuticle
- parenchyma
What does the land plant capsule house?
archegonia and antheridium
Purpose of waxy cuticle
preserve moisture
plasmodesmata
endoplasmic reticulum extension between plant cells
communicationg space between cell walls
integration of action enabled a larger body
viridiplantae
green plants
primary endosymbiosis
the main event in which a primitive green bacteria was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell to create photosynthetic plants.
chlorophyll B
secondary endosymbiosis events resulted in other types of chlorophyll