In class notes/ Botany for Gardeners Ch 10

Question 1

Characteristics of moss

Answer 1

primitive
lack roots
lack vascularization
low to the ground
grow in clumps
haploid (develop from mitosis of haploid spores)

Question 2

Alternation of generations in mosses

Answer 2

baby gametophytes grow in the soil

make the sporophyte, which is the main plant. The sporophyte grows on top

Question 3

Why is green moss called a gametophyte

Answer 3

its main role is to produce gametes

the gametes meet, form a zygote (diploid plant) that grows on top of the gametophyte. This is called the sporophyte because it produces the moss spores

Question 4

Male plant structure for sperm

Answer 4

antheridia

Question 5

female plant structure for ova

Answer 5

archegonia

Question 6

What is the dominant generation of ferns?

Answer 6

main plant is the diploid sporophyte

Question 7

Characteristics of ferns

Answer 7

vascularized
well-formed leaves, roots, stems
more prominent sporophyte role (compared to moss)

Question 8

What is the main evidence that ferns are sporophytes?

Answer 8

they grow spores on the underside of their leaves in clusters called sori

Question 9

Describe the fern gametophyte

Answer 9

very small and fragile; brief existence of these haploid plants fulfill their destined sexual function by producing antheridia and archegonia.

Question 10

gymnosperms

Answer 10

a group of seed-producing plants that includes conifers, cycads, Ginkgo, and Gnetales. The term “gymnosperm” comes from the Greek word gymnospermos, meaning “naked seeds”, after the unenclosed condition of their seeds

Question 11

Viable seeds in flowering plants develop how?

Answer 11

after the life cycle has progressed through the intervening stage of the haploid generation

Question 12

reproduction in cones

Answer 12

germinated pollen grows in the ovules, where tiny female gametophytes are harbored.

reduction of the gametophytes size and its protection within the moist sporophyte tissues enable many gymnosperms and angiosperms to live and reproduce in dry habitats

Question 13

angiosperms

Answer 13

flowering plants

Question 14

aneuploidy

Answer 14

when plants inherit too many chromosomes. means “not good ploidy”

Question 15

Colchicine

Answer 15

a chemical that artificially induces polyploidy

Question 16

Why aren’t plants meaty?

Answer 16

developed an economical struccture that takes advantage of reliability

Question 17

Why ripe fruit is delicious

Answer 17

fruits are plant organs that actually invite animals to eat them

deposits seeds in nourishing manure

change in color is the signal that the seeds are ready and viable

Question 18

Characteristics that make plants unique

Answer 18

cell walls (shared with algae)
chloroplasts (specifically with chlorophyll B)
plasmodesmata
starch and cellulose in their walls

Question 19

5 adaptations of land plants

Answer 19

1. plasmodesmata
2. alternation of generations
3. oogamy and capsule: archegonia and antheridia
4. waxy cuticle
5. parenchyma

Question 20

What does the land plant capsule house?

Answer 20

archegonia and antheridium

Question 21

Purpose of waxy cuticle

Answer 21

preserve moisture

Question 22

plasmodesmata

Answer 22

endoplasmic reticulum extension between plant cells

communicationg space between cell walls

integration of action enabled a larger body

Question 23

viridiplantae

Answer 23

green plants

Question 24

primary endosymbiosis

Answer 24

the main event in which a primitive green bacteria was engulfed by a eukaryotic cell to create photosynthetic plants.

chlorophyll B

secondary endosymbiosis events resulted in other types of chlorophyll

Question 25

oogamy in land plants

Answer 25

egg became immobile. land adaptation because the two cannot swim to each other through air like they previously could through water.

Question 26

Chara

Answer 26

primitive pond weeds that were an early ancestor to land plants

Question 27

What are often lost by reduction or modification in angiosperms and gnetales?

Answer 27

antheridium and archegonium

Question 28

Two options for alternation of generations dominant forms

Answer 28

gametophytes: zygote undergoes meiosis, adult plant is therefore haploid
embryophytes: zygote develops into a sporophyte.

Question 29

Embryophytes

Answer 29

way that plants could withstand bad circumstances because they had developed this new dormancy mechanism.

The zygote developed into a sporophyte

Question 30

When vascular tissue formed in plants, what accompanied this?

Answer 30

moved away from water, independent sporophyte generations.

allowed for larger bodies

mining water from below ground

sporophyte became dominant form
-initially, moss’s haploid gametophyte was dominant and the sporophyte was small and parasitic

reversed now: gametophyte is small, sporophyte grows out of gametophyte (ferns)