BFG Ch 1

Question 1

Protoplasm

Answer 1

Nucleus and cytoplasm; the living part of the plant cell

Question 2

Chloroplast

Answer 2

Chlorophyll inside; location of photosynthesis

Question 3

Mitochondria

Answer 3

Powerhouse for cellular respiration

Question 4

Vacuoles

Answer 4

Store water, excess minerals, toxic waste products

Question 5

Plasmodesmata

Answer 5

Interconnection between plant cells that allows transfer of food and other materials

Question 6

Primary cell wall

Answer 6

Cellulose microfibrils

May thicken with addition of hardening substance, Lignin

Question 7

Secondary cellulose/lignin plant cell walls

Answer 7

Form to add stability; 98% dead cells because of the lack of diffusion

Question 8

What is plant cell growth and direction dependent on?

Answer 8

The arrangement of cellulose microfibrils

Question 9

What stop cell growth in plants (general)

Answer 9

Secondary wall thickening

Question 10

What are the two processes of growth in plants

Answer 10

Division of cells (or mitosis) and a period of elongation

Question 11

what are meristems

Answer 11

Where plant cells divide. Close to the region of cell enlargement

Question 12

Apical meristem

Answer 12

Found at the tip of the plant stem
Primary center of growth
Ensures that leaves make it to the sun and roots penetrate soil

Question 13

Secondary plant growth via meristems, a.k.a. lateral meristem

Answer 13

Causes thickening of the base

Results for meristems inside the length of the stem

Question 14

In larger plants where to lateral meristems be found

Answer 14

Extending into the roots

Question 15

State of seed

Answer 15

Dormant but still viable

Question 16

What is unique about seeds that enables them to survive

Answer 16

they are compact, easily stored ,capable of survival to freezing temperatures or prolonged drought.
Resistant fungal attack and contain rich stores of food attracted to animals. They elude predators backing boring.

Question 17

What is the skin around a seed called

Answer 17

Seed coat

Question 18

What determines how fast water can penetrate a seed?

Answer 18

The thickness of the seedcoat

Question 19

The thickest seed coats need what to germinate?

Answer 19

scarification to allow water to penetrate

Question 20

What situations allows scarification of hard coats to take place?

Answer 20

Passage of seeds through birds or in the stomachs, sulfuric acid, heavy rains, soil fungi and bacteria.

Question 21

Cotelydons

Answer 21

“seed leaves”

Food storage structures that surround the embryo of the plant

Attached to the embryo

Question 22

Plant embryo

Answer 22

Miniature plant awaiting germination

Shows all of the characteristics of a complete plant.

Question 23

epigeous mode of germination

Answer 23

when the cotyledons are elevated above the ground until the food source is exhausted

Question 24

hypogeous germination

Answer 24

cotyledons remain buried with the root

Question 25

What is the difference between a monocot and a dicot?

Answer 25

either one or two cotyledons.

Monocots are evolutionarily younger
Two groups of angiosperms

Question 26

What is an endosperm?

Answer 26

Food storage structure attached to the seed embryo which nurses to seed during germination

An example is the soft white pulp of fresh corn

Question 27

Why is the size of food storage structures of seeds important?

Answer 27

To ensure the new plant reaches the top of the soil where it can start photosynthesis

Question 28

What are the three vital environmental conditions of seed germination

Answer 28

Lots of water, optimal temperature, well aerated soil.

Question 29

What protects seats against low-temperature?

Answer 29

Dehydration to 2% of the seats weight being water as opposed to 95% in a mature plant

Question 30

How to seed banks store seeds

Answer 30

Low temperatures to prevent germination

Question 31

What is imbibition?

Answer 31

The process of soaking out a lot of water between cellulose, proteins, and other substances in the dry cell walls and protoplasm

Question 32

When a seed starts imbibition what happens to the seed coat

Answer 32

The seed code splits which gives the embryo full access to oxygen in the soil atmosphere. Oxygen is required for the chemistry of germination

Question 33

What is the end result of germination?

Answer 33

Large food molecules from to cotyledons and endosperm (if present) are broken down into smaller easily transferable units such as sugar and amino acids which will be used to construct new cells in the seedling’s meristem and supply the growth processes with energy via cellular respiration

Question 34

What happens to the embryo after germination

Answer 34

It puts down roots and the embryonic shoot begins to grow. The apical meristem remains pointed downward for protection

Question 35

The seedling initially relies on what type of nutrition

Answer 35

Heterotrophic nutrition until it is able to do photosynthesis. It then becomes autotrophic when it’s leaves are lifted into the light

Question 36

When does germination officially end?

Answer 36

When the shoot emerges from the soil

Question 37

What are some other general germination requirements?

Answer 37

Pretreatment with cold or heat, thorough washing, illumination with red light, being scorched by fire, undergoing “after-ripening” inside a fruit (exposure to certain chemicals), staggered germination

Question 38

allelopathy

Answer 38

a plant may prevent the establishment of others of its own or different species within its growth territory

eliminates competitio for space and resources

dictacted by chemicals (maybe from fallen leaves and twigs)

Question 39

unique germination requirements

Answer 39

red light (for seeds that need lots of light)

perception of changing day lengths after soaking

stratified : moistened and cooled for long periods of time

scarified by fire