Improved Communication And Transport

Question 1

River communication 1860

Answer 1

Treaty of Tianjin- 10 new treaty ports 4 of them being along the Yangtze whcih allowed them to cut transit costs and penetrate the tributaries

Question 2

How many European steamship companies

Answer 2

By 1881 there were seven European steamship companies that sailed between cities and treaty ports - e.g the shanghai steam navigation company

Question 3

What did the Qing gov establish in 1872

Answer 3

In 1872 the Qing established the China merchants steam navigation company - however it was forced to sail along unprofitable waters and relied on foreign captains and the ships purchased were paid out of foreign loans

Question 4

When was the first stretch of railway built

Answer 4

1876 at baoshan however local people protested since it ignored the Chinese practice of feng shui so the government bought it and sent it to Taiwan

Question 5

By 1881 how many miles of railway had been laid

Answer 5

50 miles between Tianjin and tongshen

Question 6

Impact of the growth of the railways in the early period

Answer 6

Helped the Europeans and Japanese to penetrate the country and spreading Christianity through the work of missionaries whcih led to rebellion such as the Tianjin massacre

Question 7

Scramble for china

Answer 7

• Russian railway building in Manchuria
• us and Belgian railways connected Guangzhou to Beijing
• France connected its empire in indochina to southern China

Question 8

How much railway did china build itself during the scramble for china

Answer 8

120 miles out of 9000

Question 9

Rights recovery movement and railway protection movement

Answer 9

In 1904 the french and Belgians threatened to connect with Russian lines in the north and as the Qing government were unable to control this the local gentry tried their best to intervene such as in Guangdong the local merchants formed the canton railway which only allowe china people to own shares 
\+ growth of the middle class who were adopting European railway technologies and methods of financing them
\+ nationalist politics developed alongside railway reclamation as people pledged to buy shares in railway

Question 10

Weaknesses of railway protection movement

Answer 10

Foreign powers demanded high prices for the sale of the railway and the local gentry who bought them often had little understanding of how to run them

Question 11

What did the gov allow in 1904

Answer 11

The development of a network of smaller rail lines to develop financed by the provinces themselves however very little track was actually laced due to corruption as often the Qing government intervened and prevented the building

Question 12

What did sun yat-sen plan

Answer 12

A railway network of 70000 miles as he wanted to politically unify the country

Question 13

Issues with sun yat-sen’s plan

Answer 13

China was virtually bankrupt by 1912 and foreign investors had little appetite
And his plans didnt reflect the political geography of the Counrty and lines were often drawn over mountain ranges

Question 14

How many miles of track were laid each year under mao

Answer 14

7000 for 15 years

Question 15

First five year plan and railway s

Answer 15

Involved extensive railway building such as in the yunnan province in 1957 10000 peasants were employed to building railways

Question 16

Issues with mao’s railways

Answer 16

Unskilled labour meant that the in the lines being unable to take trains
And by 1859 both the rail and road networks were paralysed as they ran out of fuel and there were shortages of train wages - this left food to rot in warehouses

Question 17

Where were the railways built under mao

Answer 17

60% in western china

Question 18

Positives of mao’s railway building

Answer 18

During the famines of 1958 and 1962 the increased road and rail links made it easier for people to flee their homes

Question 19

Impact of the intro of the telegraph

Answer 19

Sped up communications within china and between British officials in china however boxers saw the telegraph as a symbol of western modernity

Question 20

When did British companies begin to establish telegraph companies

Answer 20

From 1869 onwards the first being the china submarine telegraph company which linked the treaty ports with undersea cables

Question 21

Qing governments opinion of telegraph

Answer 21

Saw it as a foreign intrusion into China however the self strengthening movement allowed greater expansion

Question 22

Telegraph Progress by 1887

Answer 22

The Chinese owned imperial telegraph administration had set up 76 telegraph stations and connected most cities

Question 23

Federal telegraph company

Answer 23

Connected china to the USA by telegraph in 1921- which connected Chinese businesses and china’s government to the usa
Although by 1930 the Chinese nationalist pressures led to the usa pulling out and the ownership fell to the Chinese government which was patchy and inefficient

Question 24

When was the first commercial airline established in china

Answer 24

1929 by usa “china airways” which became the china national airline after merging with the Chinese air company in 1937

Question 25

Mao’s view of air travel

Answer 25

Considered a bourgeoise luxury that china couldn’t afford and was deeply connected with capitalist consumerism

Question 26

Failure of the civial aviation administration

Answer 26

Passed between a variety of ministers and was made a subsection of the Chinese Air Force during the cultural revolution which saw a collapse in safety standards- 30 accidents between 1966 and 1976

Question 27

Deng and air travel

Answer 27

1980 sped up the rapid commercialisation of civial aviation reducing the power of the bureaucracy

Question 28

When was the CAAC made independent

Answer 28

1985 the CAAC was made completely independent of state manage to where it became self-funding and established its own airlines e.g air china

Question 29

Increase in commercial aircraft

Answer 29

By 1989, 4 times as many commercial aircraft as there was in 1979 - 143 to 722

Question 30

New airports

Answer 30

19 new airports were built in the early 1990s and 29 more were upgraded - however competition for ticker sales led to price wars which saw some tickets sol for less than 50 % of the advertised price

Question 31

Impact of increased aircraft

Answer 31

By the end of 20th century, skilled workers were able to access new jobs a higher rates of pay in distant cities due to availability of cheap air travel which led to increased economic growth