Idealogies Flashcards
Principles of the self strengthening movement advocated by Li hongzhang
In order to force foreign armies from Chinese soil , China must first be economically powerful and the imperial government should remain unchanged
Prince gong and the self strengthening movement
Enthusiastic about economic change and was recpetive to Li’s changes when he realised that china’s military strength would be improved
First phase of the self strengthening movement
The government purchased European iron hulled battleships and established shipyards and munitions factories
Scientific texts were translated into Chinese and the gov hired British and euproean engineers
Defeats in opium wars and the self strengthening movement
Created opportunities for skilled British workers who were prized as experts to run Chinese armaments factories
Qing opinion of the self strengthening movement
The royal court was divided between pro modernisers and a conservative anti-industrial group led by dowager empress cixi who rejected the idea that Europeans had anything to teach china
1870s and self strengthening movement
Development of new industries such as coal, cotton and steamship navigation companies was a key feature of the second stage however the steamship industry was unprofitable and had a damaging effect on efficiency and profitability which shows that one of the core belief of the movement that central government administration was essential actually undermined china’s growth
Self strengthens 1885-1895
New industries were developing that weren’t centrally directed or controlled from beijing which was a key weakness in the movement and the mandarins were unable to impose self strengthening ideas on local administrators who were loyal to traditional Confucian ideas so the pace of the movement slowed
What was the may fourth movement
Between 1915 and 1924 a new interest in western science and technology developed among Chinese students, intellectuals and business people and this enthusiasm was matched by a decline in traditional Chinese values
Failure of the 1911 revolution and the may fourth movement
Convinced many people that it needed to be not only a political revolution but also an intellectual, scientific and cultural revolution which stressed the importance of western economic and scientific innovation in China
Paris peace conference
Dec 1918- may 1919 led by Britain France and usa- china and Japanese competing claims to shangdong peninsula were discussed- eventually japan being awarded the territory
When Chinese demands weren’t met mass protests erupted and china’s weakness on the interaction stage was one again a topic of immense concern anger which led many key thinkers blaming the country’s technological backwards
4th may protests
Students from across Beijing began to organise and gather as a mass demonstration of national anger - swelled to tens of thousands and violence spread throughout china
Writers and thinkers engaging in the may 4th movement
Zhang Shizhao - impressed with Japan’s strength and believed that china should copy its western style reforms
Cai yuanpei- president of Beijing university who encouraged his students to travel to Europe in order to absorb modern scientific and economic ideas
New culture movement
pioneered by a generation of intellectuals and writers between 1910 and mid 1920’s the new culture movement pre dated the may fourth movement and in part inspired it
Middle class
Chinese middle class who lived in the treaty ports felt they were economically disadvantaged by property qualification In shanghai Chinese businessmen allied themselves with workers and trade unions and created the shanghai commercial association. Merchants and unions organised a boycott of Japanese goods So the use of economic power to achieve political goals meant that the movement was viewed as a revolutionary event in modern Chinese history
Soviet Marxism
Following 1949- the ussr exerted immense ideological power over the new Chinese regime particularly with economic policies
