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Basic Crime Scene Analysis > Impression Evidence: Footwear, Tire, Bite marks and Tool marks > Flashcards

Impression Evidence: Footwear, Tire, Bite marks and Tool marks Flashcards

1
Q

2 levels of identification

A

class characteristics
individual characteristics

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2
Q

what are class characteristics?

A

items that point to a particular group

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3
Q

example of class characteristics

A

brand
tread of shoe
shoe size

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4
Q

what are individual characteristics?

A

items that point exclusively to one item/person

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5
Q

examples of individual characteristics

A

nicks and imbedded materials in shoe tread

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6
Q

2 types of impression evidence

A

-2 dimension
-3 dimension

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7
Q

what is 2-dimensional impression evidence?

A

length and width

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8
Q

examples of 2-dimensional impression evidence

A

footwear prints, tire tracks

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9
Q

what is 3-dimensional impression evidence?

A

length, width, and depth

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10
Q

examples of 3-dimensional impression evidence

A

footwear impressions, tire impressions, bite marks

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11
Q

order of impression documentation

A

-notes
-photography
-sketch

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12
Q

what is included in the notes section of impression documentation?

A

record location of impression, direction of travel, weather, substance composition, etc.

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13
Q

what is included in the photography section of impression documentation?

A

-Overalls- impression located in overall photos​

-Midrange- of impression to a fixed and permanent object​

-Close-up without scale​

-Close-ups with scale- must use tripod, oblique lighting, compass, and take a series___/__several photos from various angles/sides

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14
Q

what is included in the sketch section of impression documentation?

A

place on sketch and measure distance to impression using baseline or triangulation

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15
Q

why do we need to use light on different areas of the impression evidence?

A

We want to highlight certain parts of that footwear with laser or light to do comparison photos of foot impression at crime scene and picture​

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16
Q

2 processes to lift 2-D footwear prints

A

-gel lifter
-electrostatic lifter

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17
Q

what is the process of collecting a 2-D footwear print using gel lifter?

A

Lift with gel lifter- black or white​

​
Photograph with and w/o a scale prior to lifting​

May need to black powder dust surface prior to lifting​

​
Submit to lab: gel lifter, photos, and suspect’s shoes

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18
Q

example of 2D footwear print with gel lifter

A

dust/dirt prints on counter top/floor

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19
Q

what can someone use instead of gel lifter?

A

tape lift

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20
Q

what type of prints are made with the suspect’s shoes?

A

ink prints

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21
Q

what do shoes have to have to be to be collected as evidence?

A

Shoes have to be worn, not fresh off the shelf

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22
Q

what is the process of collecting a 2-D footwear print using electrostatic lifter?

A

Use Electrostatic Dust Print Lifter​

Must photograph with and w/o a scale before lifting​

Sheet of __Mylar__ film is placed over print, roller is used to apply pressure, a high-voltage electrode is applied​

Creates charge and causes dust to adhere to film​

Not permanent, dust will loose adherence  photograph shoeprint on film​

Store in __dust________ - free box for transport to lab

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23
Q

what to do with shoe print prior to packaging?

A

Must photograph shoeprint on film prior to packaging

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24
Q

what is dentstone made up of?

A

calcium sulfate or gypsum

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25
Q

what is the process for collecting 3D footwear impressions?

A

cast using dentstone/dental stone
-must photograph with and w/o a scale before casting

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26
Q

how to use/make the cast using dentstone/dental stone?

A

Mix with water until like __pancake_ __batter__(2 pds of casting material and 12 ounces of water), no lumps, no bubbles​

Slowly pour in impression, overlap all edges, may use object to guide pouring​

At least ___2___ inches thick, use frame, use hair spray​

Mark casts with N direction and case info​

Let dry for approx. 45 min depending on temp and humidity

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27
Q

tips for using dentstone/dental stone

A

It can start to harden while pouring​

May use hairspray (aquanet) to make a barrier between dentstone and print for substances with sand, hot cocoa, baby powder

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28
Q

order of collecting, packaging, and preservation of footwear impression casts

A

Dentstone__- calcium sulfate or gypsum ​

Package cast in cardboard box, mark fragile, let set for another couple hours, add padding to package​

Do __NOT_____ remove debris from impression​

Submit to Lab: shoeprint cast, photos, and suspect shoes

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29
Q

why should shoes be packaged separately?

A

To minimize cross-contamination from the cast we took at the crime scene and make sure the shoes do not damage the cast in transport

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30
Q

what to use for footwear impressions in snow? why?

A

shoe print wax
-the same wax that snowboarders use to help go down hills faster. It provides color for contrast and a barrier from the dentstone

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31
Q

2D example of tire tacks
3D example of tire tracks

A

-tire tracks on paved garage surface
-tire tracks in sand/dirt

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32
Q

how to process 3D footwear evidence

A

Use ___Dental Stone____________ to cast 2D and 3D​

Must photograph with and w/o a scale before casting​

​
Submit to lab: cast, photos, _tires__ (if possible)  if not, ink tires on paper​

Must encompass entire rotation of tires (cast/photos/inked)

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33
Q

Upon comparison between an unknown impression and a known standard (shoe/tire), the examiner can reach how many different conclusions?

A

3 conclusions

34
Q

what is the first conclusion?

A

the standard produced the impression

35
Q

what is the second conclusion?

A

the standard did not produce the impression

36
Q

what is the third conclusion?

A

There are not sufficient corresponding __individual__ characteristics within the impression to determine whether the standard in question made the impression

37
Q

what happens if there is no suspect shoes/tires?

A

FBI database to determine brand/manufacture only

38
Q

where do you find bite mark evidence?

A

on the suspect

39
Q

how to document the bite mark evidence?

A

Notes: location, bruising, position of marks, etc.​

Photographs​

Overall, midrange, close-up, and close-up with scale (oblique lighting, series of photos from various angles/sides)​

ABFO scale ​

Sketch: Body diagram with measurements

40
Q

what does the ABFO scale stand for?

A

Americanh Board of Forensic Odontology Scale

41
Q

where to swab for saliva?

A

take a swab and go all the way around the bite mark, into crevices, and try to pick up epithelial cells from the suspect

42
Q

how can the bite mark be excise from the deceased victim?

A

if victim is deceased, the ME will cut out bite mark to have comparison ready if need be ​

43
Q

what are usually well-defined without bruising?

A

postmortem bite marks

44
Q

what are less distinctive, may have to take photos over several days, UV/IR camera

A

Antemortem bite marks

45
Q

what does a forensic odontologist do?

A

examines molds or casts made of suspect/victim’s teeth and performs comparison

46
Q

definition of definite

A

to the exclusion of all others

47
Q

definition of consistent

A

no features present that will exclude suspect

48
Q

definition of possible

A

unable to positively confirm or exclude suspect

49
Q

definiton of exclusionary

A

definitely not made by suspect

50
Q

what is a toolmark?

A

when two objects come into contact with each other with an amount of force

51
Q

the ? the object will mark the ? object

A

harder; softer

52
Q

the ? is the “tool”

A

harder

53
Q

what can be a tool?

A

Anything can be a tool​

Screwdriver going up against the door

54
Q

types of toolmarks

A

compression (impression)
sliding (striated)
cutting (sheared or pinched)

55
Q

what are compression (impressed) toolmarks?

A

tool used to indent surface

56
Q

how are compression (impressed) toolmarks produced?

A

produced by perpendicular forces acting against an object. the tool doe snot move laterally across the object

56
Q

examples of compression (impressed) toolmarks

A

punch marks
hammer blows
gripping tools

57
Q

what are sliding (striated) toolmarks?

A

tool slides along the surface leaving striations

58
Q

what are sliding (striated) toolmarks commonly referred to as?

A

scrape marks

59
Q

examples of sliding (striated) toolmarks

A

prybars
screwdrivers
slippage from jawed tools

60
Q

what are cutting (sheared/pinched) toolmarks?

A

Sheared: ​
blades pass _across___________ each other in a cutting action (scissors, tin snips)​

Pinched: ​
blades butt against each other (wire cutters)

61
Q

how are cutting (sheared/pinched) toolmarks produced?

A

Produced when an object is caught between two _opposing__ ___forces__ of cutting actions

62
Q

what is included in toolmark documentation?

A

notes, photographs, sketch

63
Q

what photographs should be taken for toolmark documentation?

A

Overalls- tool marks located in overall photos​

Midrange- of tool marks to a fixed and permanent object​

Close-up without scale​

Close-ups with scale- must use tripod, oblique lighting, macrophotography, and take a __series__/_several__ photos from various angles/sides

64
Q

why should those specific close-ups be taken?

A

In order to visualize the various angles and sides, having light held at different places will help illuminate those for us

65
Q

what measurements would be taken for the sketch?

A

Measurements from the floor to impression, length and width of impression, get impression from baseline or triangulation points within crime scene, look for trace evidence on tool marks and tool, everything packaged separately

66
Q

how to collect toolmark?

A

Collect entire item bearing toolmark, if not possible -use _Mikrosil__ to cast impression​

67
Q

what happens if it is not possible to collect toolmark?

A

use _Mikrosil__ to cast impression​
PVS Extruder Gun

68
Q

what to never do during the toolmark collection? whyh?

A

Never insert suspected tool into or onto toolmark. This can damage the microscopic unique markings on the tool and the mark

69
Q

how to use Mikrosil?

A

base (large tube) and hardener (small tube)
Spread out equal _lengths__, not equal _amounts___, on a non-porous surface​
Mix together thoroughly​
Apply to surface​
May leave stick in​
Allow to dry​
Drying time varies due to temperature, humidity, etc.​
Carefully remove from surface​
Label stick ​
Package in __rigid__ container (separate from tool)

70
Q

what is involved in the lab examinations of toolmark evidence?

A

Compare tool test-marks to impression (cast/photo)
Use a comparison microscope
New tools may not have developed sufficient individual characteristics

71
Q

what do the test marks use?

A

use same surface, same motion, same angle, performed on each edge of tool, etc

72
Q

A toolmark examiner may be able to determine:

A

Type__ of tool used (class)

_Size__of tool used (class)​

Action employed by a tool in its use (class)

73
Q

Upon comparison between a toolmark and a tool, the examiner can reach how many different conclusions?

A

3 conclusions

74
Q

first conclusion of a toolmark and a tool

A

the tool produced the toolmark

75
Q

second conclusion

A

the tool did not produce the toolmark

76
Q

third conclusion

A

there are not sufficient correspondong individual characteristics within the toolmark to determine whether the tool in question made the mark

77
Q

types of toolmark exams

A

fracture matches
wood exams
number restoration

78
Q

what is the fracture matches exam?

A

to associate items such as broken bolts, auto parts, tips of knives and screwdrivers from objects from which they were broken​

ex: fractured tools and toolmarks in bones​, broken screwdrfiver tip

79
Q

what is the wood exams?

A

to associate marks left by tools used to cut them, such as drill bits
example: toolmarks in bone

80
Q

what is the number restoration exam?

A

most often obliterated serial numbers

Basic Crime Scene Analysis (8 decks)

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