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Basic Crime Scene Analysis > Fingerprints > Flashcards

Fingerprints Flashcards

1
Q

1882 - Alphonse Bertillion, French anthropologist, devised method of body

A

___measurements__ to produce a formula used to classify individuals.

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2
Q

Bertillion’s __formula_ involved taking the

A

measurements of a persons body parts, and recording these __measurements__on a card.

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3
Q

what happened in the will west case?

A

Will West sent to Leavenworth, KS in 1903 and his measurements and picture were taken. It was determined that he was already in prison!​

William West was already in prison for murder. Their measurements were the same.

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4
Q

what is dermatoglyphics?

A

The study of patterns of dermal ridges present on fingers, palms, toes, and soles

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5
Q

? ridge patterns

A

friction

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6
Q

hills are called ?
valleys are called ?

A

ridges
furrows

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7
Q

what are dermal papillae?

A

are upward extensions of the dermis into the epidermis forming the ridge pattern the fingerprint

they continue to regenerate, therefore the ridges maintain permanent

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8
Q

2 different layers of friction ridge skin

A

-epidermis
-dermis

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9
Q

characteristics of epidermis

A

-outermost layer
-protection
-skins that are shed

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10
Q

characteristics of dermis

A

-innermost layer
-protection of internal organs
-nutrient exchange

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11
Q

Fingerprints can be used as a means of identification because of two characteristics:

A

-permanence: remaining unchanged indefinitely
-uniqueness

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12
Q

fingerprints are one of the oldest ?

A

fingerprint disciplines

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13
Q

friction ridges are formed early in ?

A

embryonic development (4th fetal month)

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14
Q

friction ridges ? change

A

NEVER

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15
Q

Families may possess ? characteristics

A

class
-papillae arrangement is genetically based

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16
Q

when can friction ridges change?

A

-except to amputations, mutilation, scars​
-growth will only change relative size of fingerprint

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17
Q

Maternal environment will?

A

determine the final arrangement of the ridges

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18
Q

identical twins ? have identical fingerprints

A

DO NOT
-only identical DNA

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19
Q

While the baby is developing within the womb, the baby is moving around, touching things, etc. And this will determine what?

A

the final ridges

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20
Q

3 types of fingerprints

A

-Latent
-Patent
-Plastic/3D

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21
Q

what are latent prints?

A

made when a person leaves the oil, water, salt (perspiration) from their hands onto another object​
- typically invisible to the naked eye
- need black powder to make visible

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22
Q

what are patent prints?

A

-visible
made when a print is contaminated with a foreign substance and is deposited onto another object​
- example: blood, paint, ink, food

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23
Q

what are plastic/3D prints?

A

made when a print is left in a malleable material​
- example: clay, chocolate, wax, gum

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24
Q

3 types of fingerprint classifications

A

-loops
-whorls
-arches

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25
Q

characteristic of loops and 2 types

A

65% of population
1. ulnar
2. radial

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26
Q

characteristic and classes of whorls

A

30% of population
1. plain
2. central pocket loop
3. double loop
4. accidental

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27
Q

characteristic of arches and 2 types

A

5% of population
1. plain
2. tented

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28
Q

what is the core?

A

the center of the pattern

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29
Q

what is the delta?

A

the area of the pattern where there is a triangulation or dividing of the ridges

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30
Q

which type of fingerprint classification has a delta and a core?

A

loops

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31
Q

which type of fingerprint classification has at least 2 deltas?

A

whorls

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32
Q

which type of fingerprint classification has no delta or core?

A

arches

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33
Q

individual characteristics of fingerprints

A

points of minutiae

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34
Q

what does it mean to be unique?

A

ridge details within fingerprint patterns that make it possible to compare and individualize prints

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35
Q

average amount of minutiae on a given print

A

75 individual minutiae

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36
Q

comparing unknown to known samples

A

More minutiae in common, the better​

Research suggests 8-16 ​

No set standard

37
Q

types of minutiae

A

-ridge ending
-spur
crossover
-short ridge
-lake
-ridge dot
-bifurication

38
Q

detection of fingerprints

A

oblique lighting for initial search​

Enhance with fingerprint powder​ OR

Enhance with chemical

39
Q

what is oblique lighting? another word for it?

A

Oblique lighting/ skim lighting: holding flashlight at 40 degree angle

40
Q

Type of fingerprint powder and brushes

A

Traditional Black Powder- fiberglass brush​
Application: Dip, Tap, Twirl​

__Magnetic__ Powder- magnetic wand “Magna Brush”​
__Fluorescent_ Powder- feather brush, requires ALS

41
Q

how are the powders used?

A

Used on non-porous surfaces​

Lift with tape/photograph​

Be gentle and don’t over-powder

42
Q

pro tip on magnetic powder

A

tiny pieces of magnet in it, pull plunger on top of brush and pour powder back into jar and pick up filament of extra black powder from fingerprint

43
Q

13 most common types of chemical enhancers

A

Amido Black​

Coomassie Blue​

Cyanoacrylate​

DFO​

Dye Stains​

Gentian Violet​

Iodine Fuming​

LCV​

Ninhydrin​

Physical Developer​

Small Particle Reagent​

Sticky Side Powder​

Sudan Black

44
Q

Blood stain reagents

A

stain reacts with proteins in blood
turns blue-black color

45
Q

what are the techniques used for bloody fingerprints?

A

Amido Black​
Coomassie Blue (to enhance)​
Leuco-Crystal Violet (LCV)

Used for comparison photo with enhancer

46
Q

cyanoacrylate (superglue fuming)

A

used on non-porous surfaces (no small holes)
creates visible white prints
Preserves print and makes it semi-_permanent_
Can potentially be dusted and lifted numerous times​
Can also be used on __deceased_ persons

47
Q

what happens after creating visible white prints

A
  • can then be dusted or dyed​
  • photographed and/or lifted
48
Q

types of dye stains

A

RAM, MBD, M-Star, Ardrox, Nile Red, Basic Yellow, Rhodamine 6G, etc.

49
Q

how does the dye stain work?

A

Adheres to super glued prints​: First superglue print then dye on it

Analyzed under alternate light source, print will fluoresce, must photograph

50
Q

What is small particle regaent (SPR)?

A

Reagent is powder suspended in water and detergent

51
Q

how does SPR develop fingerprints?

A

Develops fingerprints on Wet and __metal_ non-porous surfaces
NO POROUS SURFACES
Adheres to lipids in fingerprints and develops a grey colored print

52
Q

characteristics of Gentian Violet (crystal violet)

A

Stains __Fatty________components of latent prints​

Used on the ____sticky_________side of tape​

Turns prints purple

53
Q

characteristics of sticky side powder (wet wop)

A

Black powder in solution​

Used for retrieving fingerprints on _tape______​

Adheres to fingerprint ___residues__________ and turns prints black​

Process can be repeated numerous times

54
Q

what can sticky side powder be used after?

A

cyanoacrylate

55
Q

characteristics of ninhydrin?

A

Used on ___porous_________ surfaces​
Reacts with ___amino acids____________ in fingerprints to form a purple colored compound​
Popular because it is easy to use
Can apply by spray, swab, or dunk

56
Q

what is it called when the purple compound forms in reaction with amino acids in fingerprints?

A
  • Called Ruhemann’s Purple
57
Q

with ninhydrin, prints will usually appear ? but may take ?

A

within hours
up to 10 days for weaker prints

58
Q

how to speed up the reaction for ninhydrin?

A

humidity/temp

59
Q

ninhydrin is used last if also processing with what?

A

with DFO or Iodine, not good on wet items

60
Q

characteristics of iodine fuming

A

Good on __porous________ and non-porous surfaces​

Heat iodine crystals to form iodine gas​

Gas adheres to fingerprint as a yellow/brown color

61
Q

what are cons with iodine fuming?

A

-Vapors are toxic​
>causes cancer
-Interferes with using other ___techniques___​
-Temporary, so must __photographs to preserve​
>print begins to disappear as reaction ends

62
Q

characteristics of diazaflouren (DFO)

A

Used on __porous__ surfaces​

Can use in conjunction with __Ninhydrin___________, but must use DFO first​

Must use _ALS__ to view print

63
Q

DFO reacts with amino acids ?

A

to give a highly fluorescent red colored product​

64
Q

DFO can use in conjunction with ?

A

__Ninhydrin_, but must use DFO first​

65
Q

characteristics of physical developer

A

silver-nitrate based solution​

Used on __porous_ surfaces that are wet or have been wet​
>especially good on paper bags and currency​
>has tendency to develop older prints

Must photograph to preserve prints​

Cumbersome and multiple step procedure
>very effective on currency but tedious

66
Q

physical developer reacts with sweat components in the fingerprints to create ?

A

grey or almost black color

67
Q

physical developer can use after ?

A

ninhydrin or iodine

68
Q

characteristics of sudan black

A

Used on non-porous substrates
Reacts with _lipids________ and will stain the print blue-black
Messy

69
Q

sudan black is good for what type of substrates?

A

oily and greasy substrates

70
Q

what can’t sudan black be used on?

A

cannot use on dark colored substrates

71
Q

characteristics of fingerprints of children

A

fragile
will dissipate in a short time
minimize powder used

72
Q

how long will a fingerprint last for a child vs adult?

A

4-6 hours
days to weeks

73
Q

characteristics of fingerprints of human skin

A

Can retrieve on living or deceased persons​

Fingerprints may last up to 1.5 hours on living person​

Don’t put body in ___fridge_________

74
Q

why shouldn’t you put a body in the fridge?

A

it will form condensation on skin, no more prints
can use super glue on part of body then use powder to dust

75
Q

what is dead man’s spoon?

A

Use _curved__________ fingerprint card strip holder​

aka “dead man’s spoon”​

​
Fingerprint card cut into two strips which fit into spoon slots​

Finger pressed into __curved__________ spoon to obtain print

76
Q

how to take prints of dehydrated fingerprints?

A

Tie off finger just below ___first_______ joint with twine​
Inject fluid (saline solution) with needle under skin to “plump” flesh
Then use dean man’s spoon technique to take fingerprints

77
Q

what are putrefied fingerprints?

A

Secure peeled skin of deceased ‘_skin glove’​

Slide peeled glove over own gloved hand and roll

78
Q

a newer way to get fingerprints? why is it good?

A

-live scan
-If you don’t get a good print, the computer will tell you to do it again​
-Will know if it is a good and classifiable print the same day vs back in the day would have to re-roll prints
-don’t need ink, very clean very demure

79
Q

what does AFIT stand for?

A

Advanced Fingerprint_Identification_ Technology

80
Q

what does AFIT do?

A

Converts images of fingerprints to __digital_ minutiae​
>records relative position and orientation​

Different requirements from state to state​
List of possible __matches__ are retrieved​
Examiner must __visually_ compare

81
Q

how is AFIT not like CSI?

A

Renders back POSSIBLE matches (~COULD BE 300)​, not a 100% match

Doesn’t need to go further down the list once a match is made

82
Q

what is AFIT formerly known as?

A

AFIS 2010

83
Q

AFIT is the new fingerprint-matching algorithm improved matching accuracy from

A

92 percent to more than 99.6 percent

84
Q

how is AFIT effective according to contributors?

A

Contributors experienced faster response times, fewer transaction rejects, and increased frequency of identification

85
Q

what does IAFIS stand for?

A

Integrated Automated Fingerprint Identification System
>National Database

86
Q

when did the FBI implement the IAFIS?

A

1991

87
Q

More ? million sets of criminal subjects and ? million of civil subjects in database

A

70, 31

88
Q

How is the search algorithm very advanced?

A

can search millions of prints in ~27 minutes​

must still verify match by human​

must be qualified as expert to testify in court

Basic Crime Scene Analysis (8 decks)

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