Important Terms and Phrases Flashcards
What is “stereotyping”?
An oversimplified generalised view about someone based on a belief that they are a certain way due to their race, religion, actions, background etc.
Stereotypes are usually negative and don’t reflect reality.
What is “discrimination”?
Acting against your prejudice views and stereotypes and categorizing people. Not giving someone a job based on skin colour, religion etc.
What is “ecological validity”?
The usefulness and practicality of a study in the real world and if its of any use in real life rather than the artificial settings of a laboratory.
What is “temperament”?
Your genetics that makeup your personality and characteristics. Your temperament is largely un-changeable unless a lot of effort is made to change your personality.
What is “learning in context”?
It is the environment or situation in which someone learns something. Perhaps recalling words or studying for a test.
Learning and then applying learning in the same context has been very helpful for learning and studies have proven this such as the “Godden and Badly” study.
What are “monozygotic twins”?
Twins with the same genetics that came from the same ovum and many people would describe as identical. Their personalities and characteristics are usually similar as the Buss and Plomin study suggests.
What are “dizygotic twins”?
Twins that have different genetics but came from different ova’s. They may look similar even though they could be a boy and a girl.
Although monozygotic twins have more similar personalities as Buss and Plomin suggested.
What is an “eyewitness testimony”?
It is an account of an incident or event that someone has witnessed. Their words will be recorded and can be used as evidence in a court case or a legal battle.
Could be time of event, perpetrator, weapons et cetera.
What is the “recency effect?”
The recency effect means that people are better at recalling words, numbers etc as they have learnt them recently. Hence “Recency.”
What is the “primary effect?”
The primary effect means people remember things because they learnt them first and it was the first bit of information that was encoded into their brains.
What is the “multi-store theory?”
The multi-store theory proposes that their is three stores to how our brains store memories.
Sensory: Lasts less than a second, low capacity for remembrance.
Short-term: Can store around seven chunks of memory must encode more to place in long-term memory.
Long-term: Can store info and memories for a lifetime. Unlikely to not be able to remember them again.
What is “levels of processing?”
Levels of processing refers to the amount of effort it takes for you brain to process information and then store it in the brain.
Phonetic: Cat rhymes with mat.- We hear this it is therefore phonetic.
Structural: “You” starts with a capital which is known as structural processing.
Semantic: “Tiger” is an animal- highest level of processing and encodes information more deeply into our brains.
What is a “practical application?”
It is how we CAN MAKE USE OF SOMETHING we have learnt in psychology and relate it to the real world.
For example we know that when someones pupils dilate it makes them more attractive. In restaurants they usually dim the lights to enhance their customers eating experience.
What is a “practical implication?”
It is something that is IMPLIED by something we have learnt in psychology.
For example: Leading questions affect eye-witness accounts.
What is “operant conditioning?”
Operant conditioning is a type of learning that changes depending on the reward or punishment that follows that behaviour.
This is also linked to positive and negative punishment and reinforcement.
