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AP Psychology > Important People - Midterm Exam > Flashcards

Important People - Midterm Exam Flashcards

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1
Q

Socrates & Plato

A

Mind separable from body; mind is innate.

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2
Q

Aristotle

A

Thought things learned through observation; mind is not innate.

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3
Q

Francis Bacon

A

Empiricism; scientific method; mind is innate.

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4
Q

Charles Darwin

A

Evolution.

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5
Q

Rene Descartes

A

“Animal spirits.”

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6
Q

John Locke

A

“Tabula rasa.”

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7
Q

Wilhelm Wundt

A

Created first ever psychology lab; structuralism.

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8
Q

G. Stanley Hall

A

Functionalism.

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9
Q

Edward Bradford Titchener

A

Structuralism.

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10
Q

William James

A

Functionalism; perception to function in environment.

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11
Q

Mary Whiton Calkins

A

First female president of the APA; was not able to get her degree from Harvard University.

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12
Q

Margaret Floy Washburn

A

First woman ever to get a psychology degree.

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13
Q

Wilder Penfield

A

Neurosurgeon; mapped out the motor cortex.

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14
Q

Paul Broca

A

Found Broca’s Area - part of the brain responsible for coordinating muscles, language, and speech.

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15
Q

Carl Wernicke

A

Found Wernicke’s Area - left area of temporal lobe involved in language and understanding.

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16
Q

Roger Sperry

A

Studied split brain patients; showed that left/right hemispheres have different functions.

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17
Q

Michael Gazzaniga

A

Helped with the understanding of lateralization; studied split brain patients - show how the two hemispheres of the brain work together.

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18
Q

Gustav Fechner

A

German psychologist; studied our awareness of faint stimuli and labeled them absolute thresholds.

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19
Q

Ernst Weber

A

Best known for weber’s law; stimulus magnitude comparison.

20
Q

Ivan Pavlov

A

Studied with dogs; conducted classical conditioning experiments.

21
Q

John B. Watson & Rosalie Rayner

A

Little albert’s experiments on fear conditioning.

22
Q

Edward Thorndike

A

Law of effect on cats in “puzzle boxes;” behaviorism.

23
Q

B. F. Skinner

A

Operant conditioning experiments, “skinner’s box;” behaviorism.

24
Q

John Garcia & Koelling

A

Studied taste aversion in rats; knowledge that sickness and taste preferences can be conditioned.

25
Q

Martin Seligman

A

Conducted experiments with dogs, “learned helplessness.”

26
Q

Atkinson & Shiffrin

A

Atkinson-shiffrin model: three stages of memory (sensory memory, short-term memory and long-term memory).

27
Q

Hermann Ebbinghaus

A

Memorized nonsense syllables; “forgetting curve;” “retention curve.”

28
Q

Elizabeth Loftus

A

“Lost in the Mall” experiment; eye-witness testimony; implementing false memories.

29
Q

Daniel Kahneman & Amos Tversky

A

Conducted research to discover factors that influence human judgment/decision making; representative and availability heuristics.

30
Q

Robert Sternberg

A

Triarchic Intelligence theory; believed there were three types of intelligences: analytical, creative, and practical.

31
Q

Noam Chomsky

A

Concept of universal grammar, which states that language is innate (natural), instead of learned.

32
Q

Charles Spearman

A

General intelligence concept (g).

33
Q

L.L. Thurstone

A

Proposed that intelligence consisted of 7 different primary mental abilities.

34
Q

Howard Gardner

A

“Multiple intelligences.”

35
Q

Francis Galton

A

Believed intelligence to be hereditary influences on a person’s abilities, character, and behavior; found nature vs. nurture.

36
Q

Alfred Binet & Theodore Simon

A

Created Modern Intelligence Testing - first intelligence test made for children in France.

37
Q

Lewis Terman

A

Incorporated IQ in the Stanford-Binet test; army’s use of intelligence testing during WWI; measured intelligence by dividing mental age by chronological age.

38
Q

David Wechsler

A

Developed individual test of intelligence (WAIS & WISC).

39
Q

James-Lange

A

First: physical sensations, Second: thinking, acting, and feeling.

40
Q

Cannon-Bard

A

Physical & emotion interacts simultaneously.

41
Q

Schachter & Singer

A

Two-Factor theory; emotion is formed from physiological arousal and a cognitive label.

42
Q

Richard Lazarus

A

Theory of appraisal - a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal.

43
Q

Zajonc & leDoux

A

Thought that some emotions, particularly those needed for our immediate survival (e.g., anger or rage), were quickly activated through a fast pathway, while other emotions (e.g., love) went through a slow pathway.

44
Q

Paul Ekman

A

Interested in universality of facial expressions.

45
Q

Hans Selye

A

Stress theorist, created the model of General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS).

46
Q

Friedman & Rosenman

A

Type A personality; experiment on coronary heart disease with angry, competitive individuals and easygoing, relaxed individuals.

47
Q

Kurt Lewin

A

Studied effects of leadership and gestalt principles on human behavior.

AP Psychology (20 decks)

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