Important People Flashcards
George Norris
Republican Senator of Nebraska. 1933 Tennessee Valley Authority Charter. Nebraska’s Republican George Norris, the man many consider history’s “greatest United States senator,” served in the Senate for 30 years, and throughout the New Deal era, he regularly collaborated with President Franklin Roosevelt. His greatest legislative monument was passage of the Tennessee Valley Authority charter, to establish a federally owned corporation to provide navigation, flood control, electricity generation, fertilizer manufacturing, and economic development to the Tennessee Valley, a region particularly affected by the Great Depression, but which did not include Nebraska.
Clarence Perry
Neighborhood unit. In 1929, Clarence Perry developed the neighborhood unit plan in response to the advent of the automobile and was also an attempt to identify the local community as a separate entity with its own qualities and needs. The neighborhood unit was to be distinct enclave, separate from the rest of the city. Perry’s idea was to create homogeneous “superblocks” separating vehicular and pedestrian traffic; providing ample open space; and developing community life around the neighborhood school. Perry’s concept was the basis for the development of the widely acclaimed plan for Radburn, New Jersey, which incorporated Perry’s concepts - the superblock, interior park, higher density clustering near the parkland, and hierarchial traffic separation. Le Corbusier’s “The Radiant City” (1935) envisioned a city laid out in a near perfect grid of superblocks, which became the basis for much of the public housing projects later built in the United States.
Le Corbusier
Le Corbusier’s “The Radiant City” (1935) envisioned a city laid out in a near perfect grid of superblocks, which became the basis for much of the public housing projects later built in the United States.
Ian McHarg
Book “Design with Nature” promoted his concept of land suitability analysis whih influenced layering approach of GIS analysis. Ian McHarg set the standard for modern landscape architecture and planning with a design approach that made natural forms and processes paramount in the design process. Formerly, much landscape design and planning had occurred without regard to nature’s inherent wisdom,
instead introducing foreign manmade forms on the land without regard to natural context. Mr. McHarg employed a thorough inventory of existing conditions and program elements and a layering system which facilitated easier analysis and manipulation of these various layers of information. The design goal was intended to be holistic and in harmony with the land’s natural forms and processes.
Firm was hired in 1968 to find route for Richmond Parkway in NYC.
Kevin Lynch
Image of the City in 1960. Lynch argues that for any given city, a corresponding set of mental images exist in the minds of the people who experience that city. Contributing to those images are five qualities which Lynch identifies as Paths, Edges, Districts, Nodes, and Landmarks.
Frederick Law Olmstead Jr.
Known for his wildlife conservation efforts. He had a lifetime commitment to national parks, and worked on projects in Acadia, the Everglades and Yosemite National Park. Landscape designer famous for MacMillon Plan, for redesigning Washington according to a revised version of the original L’Enfant plan. First president of American City Planning Institute( ACPI).
Daniel Burnham
Plan of Chicago with David Bennet. The Plan of Chicago, written by Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett, was the first comprehensive metropolitan plan in the United States. Based on three years of research into how city growth and infrastructure impacted its residents, the plan concentrated on physical improvements, such as new parks, lakefront upgrades, new civic and cultural centers, and transportation development. The Burnham Plan remains highly influential to the philosophy and process of planning cities.
Harland Bartholomew
First Municipally Employed Planner
Harland Bartholomew became the first full-time public-sector city planner in the United States when he was hired by Newark, New Jersey. Bartholomew came to the city in 1912 to help engineering firm E.P. Goodrich develop a comprehensive plan, and he was retained to stay on after Newark ended its contract with Goodrich. He completed the plan in 1915.
Sir Patrick Geddes
Scottish sociologist Sir Patrick Geddes, a pioneer in the field of urban planning, published the book Cities in Evolution. Geddes pushed for “constructive and conservative” changes to improve a community, rather than sweeping, monolithic plans, which he believed was less destructive to neighborhood life and would do a better job of preventing congestion. He also promoted observation of communities based on the scientific method and civic surveys. Geddes was a major influence on other planners, including Lewis Mumford, Raymond Unwin, and Frank Mears.
Edward Bassett
“Father of American Zoning.” The 1916 Zoning Resolution was written by George McAneny and Edward Bassett as a response to concerns about overdevelopment in New York City. The resolution divided the city into “zones” based on the primary activity in that area, and created building height and setback guidelines for each zone. It is considered the first citywide zoning code in the United States. Bassett is credited with developing the “freeway” and “parkway” concepts, and for coining the term “freeway” to describe a controlled-access urban highway, based on the parkway concept but open to commercial traffic.
Ebenezer Howard
founder of garden city movement. The Garden City Movement focused on creating self-contained communities with residences, industry, and agriculture, surrounded by undeveloped green areas. These planned communities inspired the similar New Town movement in the United States. To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to Real Reform (1898), the description of a utopian city in which people live harmoniously together with nature. The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city movement, and the building of the first garden city, Letchworth Garden City, commenced in 1903.
The second true Garden City was Welwyn Garden City (1920) and the movement influenced the development of several model suburbs in other countries, such as Forest Hills Gardens designed by F. L. Olmsted Jr. in 1909,[3] Radburn NJ (1923) and the Suburban Resettlement Program towns of the 1930s (Greenbelt, Maryland; Greenhills, Ohio; Greenbrook, New Jersey and Greendale, Wisconsin).[4]
Paul Davidoff
Paul Davidoff, considered the Father of Advocacy Planning, was a planner and attorney, who founded the Suburban Action Institute in 1969 and served as its executive director until 1982.
The Suburban Action Institute undertook a series of legal actions against exclusionary zoning, particularly in New York and New Jersey, with its most notable and successful suit being taken against the Philadelphia suburb of Mount Laurel, New Jersey. The law suits, commonly known as Mt. Laurel I and II, led to the requirement by the New Jersey Supreme Court (1983) for communities to supply their “regional fair share” of low-income housing needs, known as the “Mount Laurel Doctrine” that was adopted by the NJ Legislature in the NJ Fair Housing Act of 1985.
Alfred Bettman
Alfred Bettman was a Cincinnati lawyer who drafted the 1915 Ohio bill that created local planning commissions in Ohio; developed the nation’s first comprehensive plan for Cincinnati (1925); and served on Commerce Secretary Hoover’s Committee that drafted the Standard State Zoning and Standard City Planning Enabling Acts (in 1924 and 1928) that became model legislation passed by every state in the country to allow zoning and subdivision regulations. He was the first President of the American Society of Planning Officials (ASPO) that later became APA.
He is generally credited with saving zoning from constitutional defeat in the Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Co. Supreme Court case. He drafted an amicus brief on behalf of the National Conference on City Planning, but then sat on it and missed the deadline for filing the brief. After initial oral argument, with the Court leaning towards invalidating zoning, Bettman wrote his friend, Chief Justice William Howard Taft, and asked permission to file his amicus brief. Permission was granted, and a second oral argument was scheduled for the following term, with Bettman arguing that zoning is a form of nuisance control and therefore a reasonable police power measure. Justice George Sutherland, who was not at the first oral argument, participated the second time and wrote the opinion for the majority finding the zoning scheme in Euclid was constitutional.
Homer Hoyt
Sector model of land use. Well known for suburban shopping centers post WW2. Economic approach to analysis of neighborhoods and housing markets.
See graphic of “Hoyt Sector Model Key.” CBD in middle, factories/industry around low income housing. High class house between middle class. It’s kinda fucked up from an equity standpoint.
Jane Jacobs
Jane Jacobs, a journalist with no professional architectural or planning experience, published The Death and Life of Great American Cities, one of the best-known books about urban planning. She described the book as “an attack on current city planning and rebuilding,” which she criticized for losing touch with the people who live in cities. Jacobs’s book eventually led the urban planning field to see urban renewal more critically and develop more appreciation for existing structures and street patterns. It also directly inspired the New Urbanism movement in planning.
