AICP

Question 1

Public Health Movement

Answer 1

The Public Health Movement developed in the late 1800s from a concern for public health and workers’ safety. This movement focused on the establishment of industrial safety requirements, maximum work hours, minimum housing standards, public recreation amenities, and ensuring the provision of light and air in cities.

Question 2

Garden City Movement

Answer 2

The Garden City Movement began with Ebenezer Howard’s classic work, Tomorrow: A
Peaceful Path to Real Reform, which was published in 1898, later republished in 1902, Garden Cities of Tomorrow. A reaction to industrialization and poor living conditions in cities, this movement was predicated on the inherent immorality of the city, a return to the country village, and the sacredness of nature.

Question 3

City Beautiful Movement

Answer 3

surrounding self-supporting, satellite communities ringing a central garden city with maximum populations to prevent sprawl. Emphasizing design and aesthetics, the City Beautiful Movement emerged from the 1893 Columbian Exposition in Chicago. The Exposition provided a prominent American example of a great group of buildings designed in relation to each other and in relation to open spaces. Contributions of the movement included: a revival of city planning and its establishment as a permanent part of local government, an emphasis on physical site planning, the professional consultant role, and the establishment of quasi-independent planning commissions composed of citizens.

Question 4

City Humane Movement

Answer 4

The City Humane Movement occurred during the 1930’s and is associated with the Great Depression and concentrated on social and economic issues and ways of alleviating the problems of unemployment, poverty, and urban plight.

Question 5

City Functional Movement

Answer 5

The City Functional Movement (included in the other three answers) developed during the 1940’s with the growth of the military and renewed industrialization. This movement emphasized functionalism and administrative efficiency, and contributed to the federal government’s increased involvement in local planning and the passage of Section 701 of the Housing Act in 1954. The 701 program subsidized thousands of general plans and, once expanded, special projects for cities, counties, regional councils of government, and states until 1981.

Question 6

Cohort Survival Method

Answer 6

Cohort-Survival Method, in its basic form, is a form of population projection using multiple variables: Population [future] = Population [current] + Natural Increase + Net Migration broken down into age-sex cohort distributions of the population.

Question 7

Natural increase

Answer 7

Natural increase is the difference between the number of children born and the number of people who die during one time interval. Migration and Natural increase are basically part of the Cohort-Survival method

Question 8

Symptomatic Method

Answer 8

Symptomatic Method uses data sets such as building permits that are reflective of population change and can be used to estimate current development population estimates.

Question 9

Ratio (Step-Down) Method

Answer 9

Ratio (Step-Down) Method uses the ratio between the population of a city and a county at a known point in time such as the census to project future populations.

Question 10

SSZEA

Answer 10

Commerce Secretary Herbert Hoover’s had an interest in planning and zoning and the creation of the Standard State Zoning Enabling Act (SSZEA) was brought about due to his decision to have the federal government develop and promulgate model state laws. Involved with developing the model was Edward Bassett (Father of American Zoning) who had developed the 1916 New York City first comprehensive zoning code. 1) Provide a model code for states to voluntarily adopt and implement.

Question 11

Aaron Wildavsky

Answer 11

“a budget may be characterized as a series of goals with price tags attached”vAaron Wildavsky was an American political scientist known for his pioneering work in public policy, government budgeting, and risk management, and is usually associated with this summarized statement of what constitutes a budget.

Question 12

Housing Act of 1937

Answer 12

Tied slum clearance to public housing. The 1937 U.S. Housing Act (Wagner-Steagall) set the stage for future government aid by appropriating $500 million in loans for low-cost housing, and tied slum clearance to public housing. Note, however, that it is often the 1949 Housing Act that may come up on the actual exam regarding its “providing federal financing for slum clearance programs associated with urban renewal projects in American cities” (compared against the 1954 Housing Act that had provisions related to slum prevention).

Question 13

Housing Act of 1954

Answer 13

Section 701. Federal grants-in-aid to begin local planning began with Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954. Section 701 established the first federal matching funds for local comprehensive plans (but only for communities of less than 25,000 people). Section 701 plans were to be coordinated by state planning offices.

The Housing Act of 1954 stressed slum prevention and urban renewal rather than slum clearance and urban redevelopment as in the 1949 Act. It also stimulated general planning for cities under 25,000 population by providing funds under Section 701 of the Act. “701 funding” was later extended by legislative amendments to foster statewide, interstate, and substate regional planning.

Question 14

Housing Act of 1968

Answer 14

Fair Housing

Question 15

Housing Act of 1974

Answer 15

Community Block Development Grant (CBDG)

Question 16

satisficing

Answer 16

Accepting policy options short of maximizing goal attainment. Accepting policy options short of attaining 100% consensus. The term relates to a level of “consensus”, where policy options are accepted short of 100 percent agreement. This type of consensus can be used in meeting facilitation and in the formulation of “alternatives” in long-range planning programs. The word satisfice was coined by Nobel prize winner Herbert Simon.

Question 17

American Community Survey (ACS)

Answer 17

Replaced the long-form census. The American Community Survey (ACS) was fully implemented in 2010. The survey is an ongoing statistical survey by the Census Bureau that is sent to about 3 million addresses a year. It replaces the long form, collecting information previously contained only in the long form that was collected in the every ten year census. The ACS provides three different sets of data products: one-year estimates (for areas with 65,000 or more persons), three-year estimates (for areas with 20,000 or more persons), and five-year estimates (for all areas).

Question 18

Robert Weaver

Answer 18

In 1965, the housing and urban policy agency achieved cabinet status when the Housing and Home Finance Agency was succeeded by the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). Robert Weaver was HUD’s first Secretary and first African-American cabinet member. Earlier, as a young man, Weaver had been one of 45 prominent African Americans appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt to his “Black Cabinet”, acting as an informal adviser to Roosevelt as well as directing federal programs during the New Deal. Under President Kennedy, he was the administrator for the Housing and Home Finance Administration (HHFA) that became HUD in 1965 under President Johnson.

Question 19

RLUIPA

Answer 19

The Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (RLUIPA) is a United States federal law that prohibits the imposition of burdens on the ability of prisoners to worship as they please and gives churches and other religious institutions a way to avoid burdensome zoning law and land use restrictions on their property use. “No government shall impose or implement a land use regulation in a manner that imposes a substantial burden on the religious exercise of a person, including a religious assembly or institution, unless the government demonstrates that [the land use regulation is] in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest [and] is the least restrictive means of furthering that compelling governmental interest.” Addressing RLUIPA restrictions, courts have generally upheld general zoning and land-use restrictions that apply to everyone (e.g. parking & traffic impacts); that churches may be excluded from some districts (e.g. Central Business District); that religious institutions need to comply with associated building codes; and that general review processes that apply equally to everyone are typically not legally problematic (i.e. special permits or conditional use permits that single out and solely address religious uses are problematic).

Question 20

Housing Act of 1949

Answer 20

The American Housing Act of 1949 was a landmark, sweeping expansion of the federal role in mortgage insurance and issuance and the construction of public housing. The main elements of the Act included providing federal financing for slum clearance programs, increasing authorization for the FHA mortgage insurance, extending federal money to build more than 800,000 public housing units, and permitting the FHA to provide financing for rural homeowners.

Question 21

Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act

Answer 21

Was part of President Johnson’s “Great Society” program, Started the “Model Cities” program, and Included a historic preservation portion. In 1966, the Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act launched the “model cities” program, an interdisciplinary attack on urban blight and poverty. It was a centerpiece of President Lyndon Johnson’s “Great Society” program. The ambitious federal urban aid program succeeded in fostering a new generation of mostly black urban leaders. The program’s initial goals emphasized comprehensive planning, involving not just rebuilding but also rehabilitation, social service delivery, and citizen participation. The Act was designed to rebuild entire urban areas by combining new innovations in the participating communities through the use of the wide array of existing federal and local programs for a coordinated attack on blight. To qualify for aid, areas had to be considered substandard under federal guidelines, with historic preservation, planning and restoration being considered an integral part of the program. The Model Cities program was ended in 1974 under the Nixon administration.

Question 22

megalopolis

Answer 22

Jean Gottmann used the expression, “megalopolis”, in 1957 when referring to the extended urban region that appears to form a single huge metropolitan area along the eastern seaboard of the U.S. extending from Boston through New York City; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Baltimore, Maryland and ending in Washington, D.C. The term had been earlier used by Oswald Spengler in his 1918 book, The Decline of the West, and by Lewis Mumford in his 1938 book, The Culture of Cities, which described it as the first stage in urban overdevelopment and social decline.

Question 23

quadrangle maps

Answer 23

A standard United States Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps are those of the 7.5-minute by 7.5 minute, 1:24,000-scale quadrangle series. At a scale of 1:24,000, one inch on a USGS quad represents 24,000 inches or 2,000 feet. A 2-inch by 3-inch square would be 4,000 feet on one side and 6,000 feet on the other side and include an area of 24 million square feet, equal to 550.96 acres (43,560 sq. feet/acre), or less than one section (i.e. 640 acres).

Question 24

Alfred Bettman

Answer 24

First president of the American Society of Planning Officials. ASPO was established in 1934; Alfred Bettman was elected its first president. On October 1, 1978, the American Planning Association emerged from the consolidation of the American Institute of Planners and the American Society of Planning Officials.

Question 25

New York State Tenement House Law 1901

Answer 25

In 1901, the New York State Tenement House Law (“New Law”) was created. The legislative basis for the revision of city codes that outlawed tenements such as the “Dumbbell Tenement” allowed under previous law (“Old Law”). The failures of the “Old Law” – the “Dumbbell” air shafts developed to meet the minimum intent of the Act proved to be unsanitary as they filled with garbage, bilge water and waste – led to the 1901 “New Law” and its required courtyard designed for garbage removal. The “New Law” also required running water and toilets in every apartment and a window in every room.

Question 26

pro forma

Answer 26

A real estate “pro forma,” or financial statement, is a tool that is used to communicate all the relevant information about a real estate development project. It balances the costs of a project against the flow of income which the project will produce.

Question 27

Street connectivity

Answer 27

Street connectivity can be defined as the quantity and quality of connections in the street network. A traditional rectilinear street grid provides relatively direct connections and multiple routes and thus has high connectivity. A “Connectivity Index” is the ratio of the number of links to the number of nodes in the network (i.e. Links/Nodes). Links are street segments, while nodes are intersections. A higher connectivity index reflects a greater number of street segments entering each intersection and thus a higher level of connectivity for the network. Minimum standards for connectivity indexes typically fall into the range of 1.2 to 1.4.

Question 28

SF in acres

Answer 28

43,560 SF in 1 acre

Question 29

ft in mile

Answer 29

5,280 ft in 1 mile

Question 30

FAR

Answer 30

floor area ratio = building area ÷ lot area

Question 31

Square Mile

Answer 31

640 acres

Question 32

township

Answer 32

36 square miles

Question 33

third place

Answer 33

In community building, the third place (or third space) is the social surroundings separate from the two usual social environments of home (“first place”) and the office (“second place”). Examples of third places would be environments such as cafes, clubs, public libraries, or parks. In his influential book The Great Good Place, Ray Oldenburg argues that third places are important for civil society, democracy, civic engagement, and establishing feelings of a sense of place, and have the following hallmarks:
• Free or inexpensive
• Food and drink, while not essential, are important
• Highly accessible: proximate for many (walking distance)
• Involve regulars – those who habitually congregate there
• Welcoming and comfortable
• Both new friends and old should be found there

Question 34

Level-of-service

Answer 34

The Highway Capacity Manual and AASHTO Geometric Design of Highways and Streets (“Green Book”) list the following levels of service: A= Free flow B=Reasonably free flow C=Stable flow D=Approaching unstable flow
E=Unstable flow F=Forced or breakdown flow

Question 35

facilitator

Answer 35

Encourage everyone’s opinions and make sure that they do not make statements that may be interpreted as judgments. “Facilitation” is the use of a neutral third party to help multi-party groups accomplish the content of their work by providing process leadership and expertise.

Question 36

mediator

Answer 36

Mediation” is the use of a neutral third person to help parties reach a voluntary resolution of a dispute. It is informal, confidential, and flexible, focusing on interests rather than positions, and on practical and legal choices.

Question 37

Arbitration

Answer 37

alternative to litigation in which an arbitrator or panel of arbitrators listen to the positions of the disputing parties in a relatively informal proceeding and then issue a decision on how the situation should be resolved. All methods have in common the need for an unbiased and objective nature

Question 38

Nominal Group techinque

Answer 38

One of the advantages of the Nominal Group Technique is that it balances the influence of individuals by limiting the power of opinion makers (particularly advantageous for use where peer leaders may have an exaggerated effect over group decisions, or in meetings of collaboratives, where established leaders tend to dominate the discussion). The nominal group technique is particularly useful:
• When some group members are much more vocal than others.
• When some group members think better in silence.
• When there is concern about some members not participating.
• When the group does not easily generate quantities of ideas.
• When all or some group members are new to the team.
• When the issue is controversial or there is heated conflict.
• When there is a power-imbalance between facilitator and participants or participants: the structure of the NGT session can balance these out.
• When stakeholders like a(/some) quantitative output of the process.

Question 39

performance zoning

Answer 39

Uses goal-oriented criteria to establish review parameters for proposed development projects. Also known as “effects-based planning”, performance zoning uses performance-based or goal-oriented criteria to establish review parameters for proposed development projects. It is land use regulation based upon the application of specific performance standards. Performance zoning is intended to provide flexibility, rationality, transparency and accountability, avoiding the arbitrariness of the Euclidean approach and better accommodating market principles and private property rights with environmental protection. It is not widely used in the U.S.

Question 40

Incentive zoning

Answer 40

Provides a reward-based system to encourage development that meets established urban development goals

Question 41

Broadacre City

Answer 41

Town design concept where every parcel is 1 acre in size and connected via highway and rail. Broadacre City was the antithesis of a city and the epitome of the newly born suburbia, shaped through Wright’s particular vision. Each U.S. family would be given a one acre plot of land from the federal lands reserves, there would be a train station and a few office and apartment buildings in Broadacre City, but the apartment dwellers are expected to be a small minority. All important transport is to be done by automobile and the pedestrian can exist safely only within the confines of the one acre plots where most of the population dwells.

Question 42

FEMA

Answer 42

The Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) is an agency tasked with responding to, planning for, recovering from, and mitigating against disaster. It started with the Congressional Act of 1803. This act is considered the first piece of disaster legislation, and began by providing assistance to a New Hampshire town following an extensive fire. In the century that followed, ad hoc legislation was passed more than 100 times in response to hurricanes, earthquakes, floods and other natural disasters.

Question 43

Utopianism

Answer 43

Utopianism believes that planning is most effective when it proposes sweeping changes that capture the public imagination. Some examples include Le Corbusier’s “Contemporary City”;
Ebenezer Howard’s “Garden City”; Daniel Burnham’s “White City”; and Frank Lloyd Wright’s “Broadacre City”. Each of these “visionary” plans has as its underlying purpose the
improvement of mankind’s urban experience through extensive changes in conventional methods.

Question 44

Section & township

Answer 44

section = 1 mile square (640 acres)
township = 6 miles square (36 sq miles)

Question 45

hectare

Answer 45

2.5 square miles

Question 46

USGS quadrangle Map

Answer 46

A 2x3” area is approximately 550 acres. A standard United States Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle maps are those of the 7.5-minute by 7.5 minute, 1:24,000-scale quadrangle series. At a scale of 1:24,000, one inch on a USGS quad represents 24,000 inches or 2,000 feet. A 2-inch by 3-inch square would be 4,000 feet on one side and 6,000 feet on the other side and include an area of 24 million square feet, equal to 550.96 acres (43,560 sq. feet/acre), or less than one section (i.e. 640 acres).

Question 47

American Greenbelt Towns

Answer 47

1935 Rexford Guy Tugwell, US Resettlement Administration, USDA
Among the numerous public works projects undertaken by the New Deal during the 1930s, one of the most innovative was the three “greenbelt” towns: Greenbelt, Maryland, outside Washington, D.C.; Greenhills, Ohio, north of Cincinnati; and Greendale, Wisconsin, near Milwaukee.
The towns took their names from the wide belt of open land surrounding each, separating them from adjacent suburban developments and reinforcing their sense of local cohesion. The New Deal’s Resettlement Administration constructed the towns between 1935 and 1938, giving jobs to twenty-five thousand unemployed workers.

Question 48

First State-Level Land Use Plan

Answer 48

1925, by New York State Housing and Regional Planning Commission (Clarence Stein, Chair). Written by Henry Wright.

Question 49

First Comprehensive Plan

Answer 49

1925 Official Plan of City of Cincinati

Question 50

American City Planning Institute

Answer 50

1917 - Frederick Law Olmsted was first president. Formalized the group that organized the first National Conference on City Planning (1909), later became American Institute of Planners

Question 51

National Park Service

Answer 51

1916 Woodrow Wilson signed a bill creating the NPS, tasked with preserving natural and historic areas

Question 52

Comprehensive Zoning Resolution

Answer 52

1916 NYC George McAneny and Edward Bassett. First city-wide zoning code in US

Question 53

Carrying Out the City Plan

Answer 53

1914 Frederick Law Olmsted initiated and Flavel Shurtleff wrote. Established the first legal framework fir city planning. Sharing of information is vital and planning commissions are vital.

Question 54

First National Conference on City Planning

Answer 54

1909 Benjamin Marsh Washington DC. Led to the creation of American City Planning Institute in 1917.

Question 55

New York Congestion Exhibit

Answer 55

1908 Began at the Museum of Natural History, NYC. Organized by social reformers Florence Kelley, Lillian Wald, Mary Simkhovitch, Gaylord White. Urban congestion is the primary cause of housing problems, child labor and poverty.

Question 56

First Official City Planning Commission

Answer 56

1907 Hartford, Conn

Question 57

Antiquities Act

Answer 57

1906 Theodore Roosevelt enacted. Preserves archaeological sites on public land. Protects landmarks, structures, and other of historic/scientific interest by designation as national monument.

Question 58

New Regionalism

Answer 58

Key characteristics of this approach include 1) a focus on specific territories and spatial planning; 2) a response to the problems of a metropolitan region; 3) integrating environmental, equity and economic goals; 4) emphasis on urban design; and, 5) a more activist stance by the planners.

Question 59

Fishbowl Planning

Answer 59

Fishbowling is where a small group of planners (perhaps 3 or 4) are given a planning scenario. They sit together in the center of a larger group of people and work through the problem or issue.

Question 60

Linear Programming

Answer 60

technique to find the optimum design solution for a project

Question 61

First State-Level Land-Use Plan

Answer 61

The New York State Housing and Regional Planning Commission, chaired by Clarence Stein, published the first state-level land-use plan in the United States. The plan, which was primarily written by Henry Wright, focused on providing transportation corridors and settlement areas, as well as on preserving rural land. A state-level land-use plan can promote effective planning for factors that have an impact outside of one community, such as growth and environmental protection. 1925

Question 62

First Comprehensive Plan

Answer 62

1925 - Cincinnati became the first American city to have a comprehensive plan approved and adopted into law by a city council. Previously, comprehensive plans had been developed by civic organizations and adopted by cities. Alfred Bettman, Ladislas Segoe, George Ford, and Ernest Goodrich worked on the Official Plan of the City of Cincinnati, which included factors like schools and play yards, garbage and refuse disposal, ways to finance improvements, and other municipal issues.

Question 63

Comprehensive Zoning Resolution

Answer 63

The 1916 Zoning Resolution was written by George McAneny and Edward Bassett as a response to concerns about overdevelopment in New York City. The resolution divided the city into “zones” based on the primary activity in that area, and created building height and setback guidelines for each zone. It is considered the first citywide zoning code in the United States.

Question 64

Burnham’s Plan of Chicago

Answer 64

The Plan of Chicago, written by Daniel Burnham and Edward Bennett, was the first comprehensive metropolitan plan in the United States. Based on three years of research into how city growth and infrastructure impacted its residents, the plan concentrated on physical improvements, such as new parks, lakefront upgrades, new civic and cultural centers, and transportation development. The Burnham Plan remains highly influential to the philosophy and process of planning cities.

Question 65

First Multistate Regional Planning Commission

Answer 65

1934 - Representatives of the planning boards of Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and Montana formed the first multistate regional planning commission. The commission focused on the need to plan for new agricultural and industrial development in response to federal investment in power, reclamation, and navigation projects. Multistate regional planning commissions can tackle planning-related issues that have an impact across a broader region than just one state.

Question 66

American Society of Planning Officials

Answer 66

1934 - The American Society of Planning Officials was formed with Walter Blucher as executive director. The group’s membership primarily consisted of public officials involved in planning, such as citizen planning commissioners and city managers. ASPO aimed to improve communication among professional planners and better distribute information about planning. ASPO was one of two organizations that merged in 1978 to form the American Planning Association.

Question 67

Housing Act of 1934

Answer 67

President Franklin Roosevelt signed the National Housing Act into law. The law created the Federal Housing Administration and the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation as part of a broader attempt to revive the housing market during the Great Depression. The FHA standardized the 30-year, low-interest mortgage, spurring a post-war housing boom in which national home ownership rate jumped to almost 70 percent of households and more and more Americans moved to suburbs.

Question 68

ACPI Becomes the American Institute of Planners

Answer 68

1939 - The American City Planning Institute changed its name to the American Institute of Planners.

Question 69

Housing Act of 1949

Answer 69

The Housing Act of 1949, part of President Harry Truman’s Fair Deal initiative, allocated funding to improve housing in urban areas, especially for America’s poor, in hopes of countering the effects of suburbanization. The act’s main elements included slum clearance and urban renewal, building more public housing, and expanding Federal Housing Authority mortgage insurance.

Question 70

Housing Act of 1954

Answer 70

The Housing Act of 1954, managed by the Federal Housing Authority, provided funding to support urban renewal and slum prevention, as opposed to redevelopment. The legislation also created the 701 program, which funded planning assistance for communities, contributing to the spread of planning and comprehensive plans throughout the United States.

Question 71

Federal Aid Highway Act 1956

Answer 71

President Dwight Eisenhower signed the Federal Aid Highway Act, or National Interstate and Defense Highways Act, into law, with a plan to fund 41,000 miles of interstate highways over a period of 10 years. Under the act, 90 percent of construction costs came from a Highway Trust Fund, while states paid the remaining 10 percent. The act contributed to an increase in driving by Americans, as well as to the growth of suburbs and the decline of cities.

Question 72

The Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966

Answer 72

signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson. The act, which was aimed at urban renewal, established grants that would pay as much as 80 percent of the cost of developing city demonstration programs and technical assistance from the Department of Housing and Urban Development. The act’s Model Cities Program funded the costs of developing and implementing comprehensive plans, as well as providing education, job, recreation, and leadership opportunities for inner-city residents.

Question 73

Fair Housing Act

Answer 73

Title VIII of the Civil Rights Act of 1968, also known as the Fair Housing Act, was signed into law. The act prohibited discrimination against a property renter or buyer on the basis of race, color, religion, or national origin; gender was added in 1974 and disability and familial status in 1988.

Question 74

NEPA

Answer 74

Congress passed in 1969, President Nixon signed into law on Jan 1, 1970. The National Environmental Policy Act created a mandate for federal agencies to consider environmental impacts when making decisions on any project that involves federal funding, work performed by the federal government, or permits issued by a federal agency. NEPA is considered to have opened the door for later environmental legislation, such as the Clean Air Act of 1970, the Clean Water Act of 1972, the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, the Endangered Species Act of 1973, and the Superfund Act of 1980, among others. Collectively, these acts established significant new national requirements for environmental protection.

Question 75

Environmental Protection Agency

Answer 75

President Richard Nixon proposed the creation of the Environmental Protection Agency to examine and counter the impact of humans on the natural environment. The EPA administers federal environmental regulations that can impact planning projects, such as an environmental impact statement or an environmental assessment.

Question 76

CDBG Program

Answer 76

The Housing and Community Development Act of 1974 created the Community Development Block Grant program. Under CDBG, a block of flexible community development funds is distributed annually using a formula that considers community population, poverty, age of housing, housing overcrowding, and growth lag. The act also created Section 8 housing support, which provides housing rental assistance to low-income households, and the first federal urban homesteading initiative.

Question 77

Community Reinvestment Act

Answer 77

President Jimmy Carter signed the Community Reinvestment Act into law to address discriminatory lending practices, including redlining practices that prevented racial minorities from getting housing loans. The issue was brought to the fore by community activist groups led by the Chicago-based National People’s Action. Research has shown that the CRA was successful in increasing loans in low- to moderate-income neighborhoods, although it is not clear to what degree.

Question 78

First New Urbanist Town

Answer 78

1981 - Construction began on Seaside, Florida, the first town built completely to New Urbanist principles. New Urbanism is focused on walkable neighborhoods, sustainability, traditional neighborhood design, transit-oriented development, and other practices intended to encourage a sense of community. Seaside was designed by Andres Duany and Elizabeth Plater-Zyberk based on research into other southern coastal towns.

Question 79

Low-Income Housing Tax Credit

Answer 79

created under the Tax Reform Act of 1986, giving tax incentives to companies that develop affordable housing. By some estimates, the credit is responsible for about 90 percent of all affordable housing built in the United States.

Question 80

Americans with Disabilities Act

Answer 80

1990 - President George H. W. Bush signed the Americans with Disabilities Act into law, protecting Americans from discrimination based on their physical or mental disabilities. Title II of the law prohibited disability discrimination by local public entities, including public transportation and state and local public housing. Title III covered places of business, though it made some allowances for historic properties. ADA compliance popularized the planning concepts of accessibility and universal design.

Question 81

Disaster Mitigation Act

Answer 81

2000 - The Disaster Mitigation Act of 2000 was the first disaster relief bill to emphasize mitigation, or taking a proactive approach to reducing the impacts of a disaster before it happens, in its name. Under the act’s Hazard Mitigation Grant Program section, communities that had received presidential declarations of disaster could apply for grants for disaster mitigation. The act also included new requirements for state, local, and tribal entities to coordinate mitigation planning and implementation efforts.