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FINALS medicine > Important management > Flashcards

Important management Flashcards

1
Q

Management hypercalcaemia

A
  1. 0.9% NaCl 1L/4h for 24h (then 6 hourly for 2-3 days)
  2. Bisphosphonates (IV pamidronate or zolandronic acid)
    (3. If arrhyth/seizures- calcitonin and corticosteroids)
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2
Q

Initial Mx SVCO

A

16mg dex

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3
Q

Mx initial of SCC

A

MRI 24h

16mg dex

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4
Q

additional mx in major acute VARICEAL GI bleed

A

Terlipressin (reduces portal pressure)

and broad spec Abx.

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5
Q

Scoring systems in GI bleed

A

Rockall score- mortality (pre and post endoscopy)

Glasgow-Blatchford- is intervention required/ minor vs major

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6
Q

Mx alcohol hepatitis

A

Conservative

Steroids if Glasgow score >9

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7
Q

Management cholangitis?

A

Abx

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8
Q

Mx AAA rupture

A

Vascular

Crossmatch 10-40u and give this or O neg if shock, maintain systolic BP <100

Prophylactic Abx

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9
Q

Mx hypoglycaemia (mild with 15/15 GCS)

A

Need 15-20g quick acting carb e.g lucozade

or oral glucose gel

Once recovered give long acting carb e.g. toast/biscuits

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10
Q

Mx severe hypoglycaemia

A

IV glucose stat- 75-100ml 20% or 200ml 10%

Or if no access- IM/SC glucagon 1mg

Later on start 1L 10% glucose over 4-8h IV and monitor CBG every 30-60mins until stable.

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11
Q

Mx pancreatitis

A

Fluids

NBM

Analgesia

Modified Glasgow score

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12
Q

Mx bowel obstruction

A

Drip and suck

Analgesia

CT

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13
Q

Investigations for susp ectopic?

A

Urine HCG +ve –> USS –> empty uterus –> serum HCG –> if >1500 treat as ectopic

If <1500 repeat in 48h- doubled= viable preg, halved = miscarriage. Other - treat as ectopic

Also r/o other causes e.g. UTI

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14
Q

Mx renal colic

A

Non-oral NSAID

Admit if severe/risk AKI e.g. only one kidney or CKD/pregnant

Could manage at home

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15
Q

Initial management of acute ischaemic limb

A

O2 and IV access

Morphine

Vascular referral emergency

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16
Q

Mx DVT

A

Well’s score ± D-dimer and USS

LMWH

Start warfarin at the same time (except Ca pts who continue on LMWH) and stop LMWH when INR is 2-3, treat for 3 months in most.

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17
Q

Initial mx gout

A

Xray and aspiration

NSAID (or alternative = colchicine)

Rest, elevate, ice joint

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18
Q

Septic joint Mx

A

Aspiration for MC&S

blood cultures

After these- Abx

Ortho r/v

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19
Q

Acute asthma Mx

A

Oxygen 94-98%

Salbutamol 2-10 puffs every 10-20mins or neb: O2 driven neb 5mg every 20-30mins

Hydrocort/pred- 30-50mg pred PO

Ipatropium neb 0.5mg 4-6hrly (in acute severe+ or unresponsive to salbutamol initially)

MgSO4 IV 1.2-2g (senior consult first)

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20
Q

Normal PaCO2 in acute asthma is what severity?

A

Life threatening

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21
Q

Raised PaCO2 in acute asthma is what severity?

A

near fatal

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22
Q

Why might you do CXR in acute asthma/COPD?

A

R/o pneumothorax

infection

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23
Q

Exacerbation COPD Mx

A

Salbutamol neb 5mg/4h (O2 driven unless retainer- used air driven plus nasal O2)

±ipatropium neb 0.5mg/6h

O2 +ABGs!!

IV hydrocort 100mg OR pred 30mg PO 5 days

±antibiotics if infective

(NO RESPONSE- high RR, acidotic, raised CO2:

+ IV aminophylline

+NIV/resp stimulant drug eg doxapram

Intubate and ventilate if appropriate.)

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24
Q

2 things to note about theophylline

A

Needs levels monitoring

Many interactions

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25
Q

Primary pneumothorax mx

A

not SOB or >2cm on CXR- discharge r/v 2-4w

SOB ± >2cm on CXR- aspirate- if successful r/v 2-4w if NOT successful- chest drain

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26
Q

Secondary pneumothorax mx

A

SOB or >2cm on CXR- chest drain

Not SOB or >2cm on CXR but 1-2cm- aspirate (if unsuccessful chest drain, if successful 24h observation)

Not SOB or >2cm on CXR, <1-2cm- admit for 24h obs and oxygen therapy.

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27
Q

How long does a chest drain stay in for?

A

24h after re-expansion and bubbling stopped.

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28
Q

Mx tension pneumothorax

A

14-16g needle and syringe partially filled with saline.

2nd IC space MCL

Remove plunger

Until chest drain can be inserted

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29
Q

Possible ECG findings of a PE?

A

Sinus tachycardia

RBBB

AF

RA deviation

S1Q3T3

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30
Q

Signs of PE on examination

A

Hypotension

Tachcardia

Tachypnoea

Gallop rhythm

raised JVP

RV heave

Pleural rub

Cyanosis

AF

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31
Q

What score should be done in a patient at low risk of PE?

A

PERC score- if any criteria +ve then do a Well’s. If all -ve then only a 2% chance of PE

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32
Q

PE diagnosis and initial Mx

A

Wells score

> 4- Immediate CTPA or treat with LMWH if delay

<4- do a D dimer - negative excludes PE, positive treat as above

O2
Morphine
Start LMWH/fondaparinux
Consider thrombolysis (alteplase)

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33
Q

What would you see on a PE CXR?

A

Decreased vascular markings, wedge shaped infarct

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34
Q

When would you do a V/Q scan instead of CTPA in PE?

A

If CTPA unavailable

If the pt is well and CXR normal

But nb it is not as accurate

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35
Q

LT PE management

A

Anticoags- DOAC (direct switch from LMWH) or warfarin (stop LMWH when INR >2)

Provoked: 3m
Unprovoked: >3m
Malignancy: 6m/until cure of ca
Preg: until end of pregnancy

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36
Q

Mx pulmonary oedema

A 
Loop diuretic (furos 40-80mg IV slowly)
Morphine
Nitrate (GTN 2 puffs unless sys BP <90, if sys BP >100 start nitrate infusion)
O2
Position (sit up)
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37
Q

What should you do in pulmonary oedema if sys BP <100?

A

If systolic BP <100 treat as cardiogenic shock –> ICU

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38
Q

Longer (ish) term management/monitoring of pul oedema?

A

Daily weights- reduction 0.5kg/day

+repeat CXR, oral switches

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39
Q

Random other risk factors for MI you might ask about

A

cocaine

connective tissue disorders

rheumatic fever

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40
Q

NSTEMI/angina management

A

MONA

Low risk- discharge

High risk- fondaparinux

ticagrelor

IV nitrate

Beta blocker

cardio r/v

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41
Q

What makes an NSTEMI/angina high risk?

A

ECG changes

High GRACE score

diabetes/ckd

low LVEF

troponin raised

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42
Q

STEMI management

A

MONAC (+clopidogrel/ticagrelor)

> 12h since onset- anticoag

<12h- PCI if within 120mins + heparin. If too far away- thrombolysis with heparin/fondaparinux (as long as not C/I)

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43
Q

Discharge drugs for NSTEMI and STEMI

A

Lifestyle

Aspirin

betablocker

ACEi

Statin

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44
Q

Two types of aortic dissection

A

Type A- ascending aorta (70%)

Type B- no involvement of ascending aorta (30%) (mx less clear)

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45
Q

Symptoms of aortic dissection

A

sudden tearing chest pain radiating to back

Syncope?

Carotid affected- hemiplegia

Unequal arm pulses

Acute limb ischaemia

Anterior spinal affected- paraplegia

Renal arteries affected- anuria

Aortic valve incompetence, inf MI, cardiac arrest if it moves proximally

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46
Q

Mx aortic dissection

A

Urgent cardiothoracic advice

X match 10u

CT ± TOE

ICU

IV beta blockers (labetalol/esmolol) or CCB if C/I

Morphine

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47
Q

What might CXR show in thoracic aortic dissection

A

widened mediastinum

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48
Q

Four broad causes of collapse

A

Head, heart, vessels, drugs

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49
Q

When after the last drink does alcohol withdrawal occur?

A

10-72hrs

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50
Q

What scoring system can you use to assess risk of serious outcome in someone who has recovered from syncope?

A

San Francisco Syncope score

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51
Q

Mx alcohol withdrawal

A

Day 1-3: chlordiazepoxide 10-50mg/6h PO + additional PRN

Day 5-7: see total dose used and wean down.

ALSO give Pabrinex (thiamine) -

2 pairs high potency ampoules IV or IM over 30 mins 8 hourly for 2 days

THEN 1 pair OD for 5 days THEN oral supplements until no longer at risk.

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52
Q

Wernicke’s three sx

A

Confusion

Ataxia

Nystagmus

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53
Q

If someone with alcohol withdrawal has concurrent hypoglycaemia, do you give the glucose before or after the pabrinex?

A

Pabrinex first as glucose can precipitate wernickes.

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54
Q

Diagnostic criteria for DKA

A

Acidotic on VBG

> 11BM OR known diabetic

Ketonaemia >3 or ketonuria >2+

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55
Q

Mx DKA

A
  1. Fluids- 0.9% saline- 1L/1h, 2L/2h, 2L/4h, 2L/6h (if sys BP initially <90 then give bolus)
  2. Insulin- 50u Actrapid in 50ml 0.9% saline. Infuse at 0.1u/kg/hr. Continue regular long acting as normal to prevent refractory hyperglycaemia.
  3. ?potassium- don’t add to first bag. After that do it according to the most recent VBG. If 3.5-5.5 give KCL, <3.5- ICU. Only DON’T give if >5.5. Can only give at 10mmol/hr but only comes in 20/40mmol bags so give over 2hrs.
  4. When BM <14 give 10% glucose over 8hrs (125ml/h) as well as the fluids. Keep giving the insulin as this decreases the ketones- they take much longer to decrease.
  5. Ensure on VTE prophylaxis
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56
Q

When can euglycaemic DKA occur? Any difference in Rx?

A

If on SGLT2 inhibitors (as it makes them wee out glucose)

Treat as normal

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57
Q

What should you monitor throughout DKA Rx

A

Keep monitoring VBGs, BMs, ketones, U&Es (more accurate for K+). NB after 6hrs can’t use bicarb as a measure of progress as the NaCl = hyperchloraemia

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58
Q

What else do you need to do to assess and manage DKA

A

Assess for cause- ECG for MI, start Abx early if susp infection, pregnancy test.

(Infection, infarction, infant, insulin missed)

59
Q

What decreases are you aiming for in DKA

A

Ketones- drop of 0.5mmol/L/hr until <0.6

Bicarb- rise of 3mmol/L/hr until >15

Glucose- drop of 3mmol/L/hr until <14

(if not achieving increase insulin by 1u/hr)

60
Q

Retrograde/anterograde amnesia is inability to remember events before or after the injury?

A

Retrograde is events before the injury (inability to recall past memories)

Anterograde is events after the injury (inability to create new memories)

61
Q

Signs of basilar skull fracture

A

CSF from nose or ear

Blood behind tympanic membrane

62
Q

Immediate Mx of basilar skull fracture

A

CT head

Tetanus vaccine

Neurosurgeons

63
Q

Criteria for C-spine CT within an hour i.e. canadian C spine rules

A
  1. age >65
  2. Intubated
  3. GCS <13
  4. X ray suspicious or abnormal
  5. Definitive answer needed eg for surgery
  6. FND
  7. Peripheral parasthesia
  8. High impact injury/dangerous mechanism (fall >1m or 5 stairs)
  9. Other imaging being done for head/multi-region trauma
64
Q

Canadian C-spine rule: If they have no high risk factors what do you do?

A

Assess if they have factors that make them low risk:

  1. simple rear end motor collision
  2. sitting comfortably in ED
  3. Ambulatory since injury
  4. No midline C spine tenderness
  5. Delayed onset neck pain

If any of these apply then low risk so can assess neck movements.

If they can rotate neck 45 degrees to L and R then can r/o C spine injury

If they don’t have any low risk factors or their neck movements are impaired then do a 3 view C-spine xray in <1hr.

65
Q

Criteria for CT head <1hr

A
  1. Open/depressed skull fracture or basal fracture
  2. Post traumatic seizure
  3. Battle’s sign (post auricular ecchymosis- mastoid bruising)
  4. Periorbital ecchymosis
  5. GCS <13 (or <15 at 2h)
  6. CSF leakage nose/ear
  7. Vomiting more than once
  8. FND
  9. Haemotympanum
66
Q

criteria for CT head <8hrs

A

LOC or amnesia

AND

  1. > 65yo
  2. Retrograde amnesia >30min
  3. coagulopathy
  4. high impact injury
67
Q

HHS diagnosis

A

Dehydration and glucose >30mmol/L

ketones and pH normal

68
Q

HHS management

A
  1. Fluids 0.9% NaCl IVI over 48hr
  2. Potassium replacement when urine starts to flow (same as DKA)
  3. Insulin IF blood glucose doesn’t come down with rehydration or if ketonaemia. 0.05u/kg/hr. Keep BM at least 10-15mmol for first 24hr to avoid cerebral oedema.

VTE prophylaxis and look for cause

69
Q

What type of airway adjunct do you use in a seizure

A

NP

70
Q

Mx seizure

A

100% O2 reservoir mask

(Check BM)

After 5mins

1st line: BENZODIAZEPINES (midazolam 10mg buccal, diazepam 10mg rectal, lorazepam 4mg IV, diazepam 10mg IV)

10mins

2nd line- MORE BENZOS- second dose of loraz 4mg IV or diaz 10mg IV

If alcoholic give high dose IV thiamine

10 mins

3rd line: ANTICONVULSANT- PHENYTOIN loading dose over 30 mins (unless already taking) then infusion. Monitor ECG and BP as cardiac SEs.

20 mins

4th line: SEDATE AND INTUBATE (rapid sequence) if generalised seizure >30mins or recurs within 30mins without return of consciousness. ‘Status epilepticus’. >60mins=’refractory status epilepticus’ (–> ICU)

71
Q

Examinations/investigations to do after seizure

A

Head trauma/injuries

Assess for sepsis/systemic illness e.g. meningism

Cardio (could have been anoxic jerks)

Neuro (usually normal- FND should warrant further investigation) May have Todd’s palsy- transient unilateral weakness following seizure for a few hrs. Similar to a TIA/stroke

BM

ECG

FBC/U&E/Calcium

Anticonvulsant levels if taking

Prolactin (increases 10-20 mins after seizure if Dx unclear)

CT if first seizure or abnormal neurology.

72
Q

Discharge of seizure pt

A

Known epileptic, normal for them fit- discharge

First fit- observe 4h, nil findings = discharge. Avoid driving, machinery, ladders, swimming etc unsupervised until specialist r/v. (document this!) OP f/u after ECG and CT.

73
Q

Hyperkalaemia Mx

A

VBG AND ECG - are there ECG changes? This = more severe.

If >5.3 and ECG changes or K+ >/=7 then:

  1. 10ml 10% calcium gluconate slow IV injection over 2mins- do 5 times max (titrated to ECG). to stabilise cardiac membrane.

30-60mins later

  1. a) Insulin (10u Actrapid) in 50ml 50% dextrose IVI over 10mins
    b) Nebulised salbutamol 5-20mg (caution in CVD)
  2. Consider removing potassium with calcium resonium (15g PO QDS or 30g PR BD), loop diuretics, dialysis.

Consider cause, stop nephrotoxic meds. ABG

74
Q

Mx chronic asymptomatic hyponatraemia

A

Fluid restriction

75
Q

Mx acute/symptomatic hyponatraemia

A

saline ± furosemide (NB slowly)

76
Q

Mx acute AF

A

beta blockers or digoxin if in HF (rate control)

treat cause

Acutely ill- consider DC cardioversion

77
Q

Mx chronic AF

A

Young/first episode- consider cardioversion

Otherwise: rate control- BB or CCB

Second line- add digoxin/amiodarone

Anticoag if appropriate

78
Q

Mx paroxysmal AF

A

Flecainide/sotolol PRN

79
Q

Mx atrial flutter

A

Rate control (BB/verapamil)

until rhythm control - electric/pharmacological/catheter ablation.

80
Q

Mx first degree and mobitz type 1 HB

A

conservative

81
Q

Mx mobitz type 2 and third degree HB

A

pacemaker

82
Q

What does management of bradycardia depend on?

A

Presence or absence of adverse features

83
Q

What are the adverse features in tachy and bradycardia?

A

Shock

Syncope

MI

HF

84
Q

What are the risks of asystole as an additional adverse feature in bradycardia?

A

Recent asystole

Mobitz II AV block

Complete HB with broad QRS

Ventricular pause >3 seconds

85
Q

Mx bradycardia if adverse feature present?

A

Atropine 500mcg IV

86
Q

Mx bradycardia if atropine fails

A

Seek expert help and arrange transvenous pacing

In the meantime:

-Repeat atropine to maximum 3mg

OR transcutaneous pacing

OR isoprenaline 5mcg min IV/adrenaline 2-10mcg/min IV

87
Q

Tachycardia with pulse Mx if adverse features present

A

Synchronised DC shock up to 3 attempts

Amiodarone 300mg IV over 10-20mins

Repeat shock

Amoidarone 900mg over 24h

88
Q

If there are no adverse features in tachycardia what do you think about?

A

Is the QRS narrow or broad

89
Q

What are the two possibilities of a broad complex tachycardia?

A

Regular or irregular.

Irreg- seek expert help. Could be AF with BBB or pre-excited AF

Reg- VT (or uncertain rhythm) –> amiodarone 300mg IV over 20-60mins then 900mg over 24h

Or if known SVT with BBB- treat as narrow

90
Q

What are the two possibilities in a narrow complex tachycardia?

A

Reg or irreg rhythm.

91
Q

Narrow complex tachycardia with irregular rythm is probably what? Mx?

A

AF

Rate control (BB or dilitiazem)

If in HF digoxin/amiodarone

consider anticoag

92
Q

Narrow complex regular rhythm tachycardia Mx?

A

vagal manoeuvres

Adenosine 6mg rapid bolus IV (if no effect give 12mg, then a further 12mg if needed)

continuous ECG monitoring

93
Q

If sinus rhythm is restored after vagal manoeuvres/adenosine in a narrow complex regular rhythm tachycardia what is it likely to be?

A

Re-entry paroxysmal SVT

Record ECG and consider anti-arrhythmic prophylaxis if recurs

94
Q

If sinus rhythm is NOT restored after vagal manoeuvres/adenosine in a narrow complex regular rhythm tachycardia what is it likely to be?

A

Possibly atrial flutter- seek expert help and control rate with BB

95
Q

What might be used instead of adenosine in an asthmatic?

A

Verapamil

96
Q

Which A drug for tachy-arrhythmias and cardiac arrest

A

Amiodarone

Prolongs repolarisation phase/refractory periods

97
Q

Which A drug for bradycardia

A

Atropine

Anticholingergic (inhibits parasymp activity)

C/I acute glaucoma

98
Q

Which A drug for SVT

A

Adenosine

Transient AV block

C/I asthma or COPD

99
Q

What are the shockable rhythms

A

VF/ pulseless VT

100
Q

What are the non shockable rhythms

A

PEA/asystole

101
Q

What do you do as well as CPR and shocks?

A

After three shocks- amiodarone 300mg

Every 3-5 mins adrenaline 1mg 1:10,000

102
Q

What are the 4 Hs and Ts

A

Hypoxia, Hypothermia, Hypovolaemia, Hyper/hypokalaemia/metabolic

Thrombosis, tension pneumothorax, tamponade, toxins

103
Q

How often do you do a rhythm check

A

Every two mins

104
Q

Mx anaphylaxis

A
  1. Call for help, lie flat and raise legs
  2. Adrenaline 500mcg 1:1000 IM (for >12yo) repeat after 5 min if no better
  3. O2, IV fluid challenge, establish airway

Chlorphenamine 10mg IM/slow IV (>12yo)

Hydrocortisone 200mg IM/slow IV (>12yo)

105
Q

In which cases of paracet OD do you just start NAC

A

jaundice

hepatic tenderness

Ingested >150mg/kg (if in the last hour consider activated charcoal)

Staggered overdose or timing uncertain

106
Q

TCA OD shows what ecg change?

A

QT prolongation (>120 toxicity, >160 imminent seizures or VF)

107
Q

Antidote to TCA OD

A

sodium bicarbonate

108
Q

Investigation thresholds for AKI

A

Rise in cr >/= 26 in 48hr (stage 1)

Rise in Cr >1.5x baseline in 7 days

Fall in urine output to <0.5ml/kg/hr for >6 hours

109
Q

Management AKI

A

Optimise BP, monitor fluid balance

?septic screen

Review meds, withhold nephrotoxic medication and ?antihypertensives

Treat cause- is it pre/intra/post renal

110
Q

Symptoms acute angle closure

A

severe pain (eye or head)

decreased visual acuity

Hard, red eye

haloes around lights

Semi-dilated non reacting pupil, may have RAPD

Corneal oedema results in dull or hazy cornea

Systemic eg N&V

Symptoms worse with mydriasis (pupil dilation)

111
Q

Mx testicular torsion

A

6 hour window

urology review

surgery

112
Q

Classic limp/hip pain cause in 0-5yo?

A

DDH

113
Q

Classic limp/hip pain cause in 5-10yo?

A

Perthes

114
Q

Classic limp/hip pain cause in 10-15yo?

A

SUFE

115
Q

Classic limp/hip pain cause in 30-50yo?

A

Labral tear

116
Q

Classic limp/hip pain cause in 50yo+?

A

OA

117
Q

How is the pain in compartment syndrome worsened?

A

Passive stretching of the muscles in that compartment

118
Q

Does the compartment feel swollen in compartment syndrome?

A

No as fascia can’t expand so it feels tense

119
Q

Diagnosis of compartment synd?

A

Essentially clinical

Can use intra-compartmental pressure or risking CK levels

120
Q

Mx compartment synd

A

If you suspect, it is CS until proven otherwise

Keep limb at neutral level (not elevated or lowered)

High flow O2

IV bolus transiently improves perfusion

Remove all casts/dressings etc to skin

Opioid analgesia

Definitive Mx is urgent fasciotomy

Renal monitoring

121
Q

How does reperfusion cause compartment syndrome?

A

Reperfusion post ischaemia –> tissue oedema –> increased pressure

122
Q

Does a pulse r/o compartment synd?

A

No

123
Q

Sectioning under the MHA must be assessed by who? Who puts in the final application

A

2 doctors and 1 AMPH, ideally all at the same time

AMPH puts in the final application and can disagree with the docs

124
Q

What are the three criteria for detention under the MHA?

A
  1. must suffer from a mental disorder to a degree that requires detention in hospital
  2. must be at risk to own health/safety and/or a risk to others
  3. must be unwilling to go to hospital voluntarily (when have capacity)

(if they don’t have capacity but are willing- still MHA)

125
Q

What is a section 2 under the MHA?

A

For assessment and/or treatment

Up to 28 days

126
Q

What is a section 3 under the MHA?

A

For treatment

Up to 6m

Can be appealed twice w/in the 6m then yearly.

127
Q

What can be treated under MHA?

A
  1. The mental disorder
  2. The cause of the mental disorder
  3. The consequences of the mental disorder
128
Q

What is a section 5(2)?

A

Doctor’s holding power

Inpatients only (not A&E)

Must be assessed within 72h

No right to treat- to see if further detainment necessary.

> FY2 only.

129
Q

What is a section 135

A

Police warrant to search for and remove a patient to a place of safety for an assessment

130
Q

What is a section 136

A

For a mentally disordered person not in a private dwelling

131
Q

What is a DOLS?

A

Part of MCA

In someone who lacks capacity and it is in their best interests to deprive them of their liberty

Means they aren’t free to leave a place

Urgent (up to 7 days) or standard (up to 1 year)

132
Q

What bloods are included in a confusion screen? What other investigations might you do?

A

blood cultures, b12/haematinics, calcium, coag/INR, glucose, fbc, u&es, TFT, LFT

Vital signs

CT head

CXR

Urine dip

133
Q

Mx acute gout

A

NSAIDs or colchicine

If these are c/i consider oral or intra-articular steroids

If taking allopurinol, continue.

Offer LT urate lowering therapy (Allopurinol) after first attack.

134
Q

How to confirm death

A

confirm ID

signs of resp effort

verbal stimuli

pain- trapezius/supraorbital pressure

pupils fixed and dilated

carotid pulse

HS 2 mins

Resp sounds 3 mins

135
Q

normal co2 range in abg

A

4.7 – 6.0 kPa

136
Q

Normal O2 range ABG

A

11-13

137
Q

Normal bicarb range ABG

A

22-26

138
Q

Normal base excess ABG

A

-2 to +2

139
Q

What would you expect the O2 on a gas to be in someone on oxygen

A

10kpa less than the % of O2

140
Q

4L O2 is around what percentage of oxygen?

A

36%

141
Q

FiO2 % on a non rebreathe mask?

A

100%

142
Q

If bicarb and CO2 are going in different directions in an acidosis/alkalosis what does that mean? What are the causes?

A

Mixed

Cardiac arrest

Multiorgan failure

143
Q

Anion gap calculation includes what things?

A

sodium - (chloride + bicarb)

144
Q

An increased anion gap indicates?

A

Increased acid production or ingestion

FINALS medicine (8 decks)

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