IMPORTANT FIGURES NAMES

Question 1

John Henslow

Answer 1

• Introduced Darwin to Britain leading figure in natural science
• mentor
• shape Darwins approach to science (induction and deduction)
• botanist
• introduced Darwin to Sedgwick and Herschel
• geologist

Question 1

John Herschel

Answer 1

• philosopher of science
• wrote Discourse on the study of natural philosophy –> shaped Darwins approach
• argued for induction and deduction
• description of fundamental law matched definition of theory (early model of H-D method)
• first used induction to get evidence then deduction to make conclusions

Question 2

Robert Darwin

Answer 2

• father
• wealthy physician who is invested in industrialisation

Question 3

Susannah Wedgewood

Answer 3

• mother

Question 4

Josiah Wedgewood

Answer 4

• maternal grandfather
• transform pottery making into an industry

Question 5

Erasmus Darwin

Answer 5

• paternal grandfather
• enlightenment philosopher
• 1st to propose that organisms evolve
• interest in science and abolition of slavery
• advocate transmutation for Britain –> 1st to propose transmutation

Question 6

Adam Sedgwick

Answer 6

• met a Cambridge
• natural scientist
• gave Darwin his first field training in geology during 2 week excursion in Wales

Question 7

Robert Fitzroy

Answer 7

• captain of HMS Beagle

Question 8

Francis Bacon

Answer 8

• developed induction and advocated for it (darwin was influenced)

Question 9

John Roy

Answer 9

• argued that idea that biologists need to learn the details about nature to demonstrate power and goodwill of its creator

Question 10

Carl Linnaeus

Answer 10

• invented Hierarchical classification and classify organisms into groups
• invented natural systems

Question 11

William Paley

Answer 11

• every creature made perfectly for the environment and therefore created by god

Question 12

Jean-Baptiste Lamarck

Answer 12

• french transmutationist
• offered more fully developed theory of evolution by law-driven processes
• did not advocate for common ancestory

Question 13

John Cuvier

Answer 13

• argued a basic requirement for animals existence
  -criticised Lamarcks theory

Question 14

Richard Owen

Answer 14

• studied Darwin’s fossil mammals most new to science and all extinct giant species living in south america

Question 15

John Gould

Answer 15

• identified Darwin’s finches, mockingbirds and rheas as distinct species

Question 16

Ernst Mayr

Answer 16

• calls this branching version of transmutation common descent
• advocated macroevolution

Question 17

Malthus

Answer 17

• human population can’t continue to increase exponentially –> consequently will be war, famine and disease
• conmvinced Darwin of brutality of nature
• Darwin (building on Malthus) –> recognises competition happens within species and between species

Question 18

Peter and Rosemary Grant

Answer 18

• research on Galapagos finches documents natural selection
• couldn’t do in a lab because national park rules limited them to no more than capturing, measuring and releasing finches
• real time data of natural selection (character displacement) of geospiza fortis on daphne major

Question 19

David Lack

Answer 19

• demonstrates niche partitioning of shags and cormorants
• studied Darwin’s finches on Galapagos –> only had circumstantial evidence

Question 20

Gregor Mendel

Answer 20

• conducted experiments that would establish how heredity works
• worked with beans and flowers
• figured out that traits are built by hereditary particles called genes
• individuals carry 2 copies of each gene (alleles)
  -individuals inherit one allele from each parent

Question 21

Ronald Fisher

Answer 21

• explained a more advantageous being will live to reproduce and spread its genes = more copies of this allele within the population
• any allele that creates an advantage will become more common over time (natural selection causes evolution)
• acquired characteristics are not inherited (lamarck)

Question 22

Theodosius Dobzhansky

Answer 22

• did research on fruit flies
• used to demonstrate that variation is an abundant in nature as Darwin had once believed
• used reproductive isolation: evolved behavioural or genetic differences to prevent interbreeding
• his book (genetics and origin of species) married genetics to darwin

Question 23

Jingmal O’connor

Answer 23

• vetrebrae paleontologist who specialises in study of Mesozoic birds from age of dinosaurs
• lineage that gave rise to the modern birds: microraptor
• cenozoic (most recent), mesozoic era (middle, creatacous period, jurassic period), paleozoic era (oldest)
• microraptor: eat birds, lizards, fish
• conficiusornis: had ovarian follices could produce yolk fast, high metabolic rate = the ability to grow fast
  = jeholornis: had a long tail with featehrs
• thought would be a stabiliser for flights
• birds have evolved 3 to 4 times