Important dates and figures

Question 1

1) Who was Ambrose Paré?
2) What did he do?
3) When did he work?

Answer 1

1) A French Surgeon
2) Made cauterisation methods more humane; used ligatures instead of pouring boiling oil over the wound/a hot iron bar
3) 16th century, 1500s

Question 2

When were blood transfusions banned?

Answer 2

1670 (high mortality rate)

Question 3

When did Humphrey Davy discover Nitrous Oxide?

Answer 3

1799

Question 4

What did Dentist Horace Wells use in a public demonstration in 1845?

Answer 4

Nitrous Oxide

Question 5

1) When was Ether discovered?

2) By who?

Answer 5

1) 1846

2) William Mortan

Question 6

Which American surgeon used Ether in 1846?

Which famous British surgeon used Ether in 1847

Answer 6

American; John Collin Warren

British; Robert Liston

Question 7

1) What anesthetic` was discovered in 1847?

2) By who?

Answer 7

1) Chloroform

2) James Simpson

Question 8

When did Ignaz Semmelweiss tell medical students to do in 1847?

Answer 8

To wash their hands in chlorinated water before treating mothers

Question 9

What is a name for the peroid between 1847 and 1867 (hint; anesthetics)

Answer 9

The black period of surgery

Question 10

Who was the first recorded death from chloroform and when did ‘they’ die?

Answer 10

Hannah Greener (while having her toenail removed) in 1848

Question 11

1) When was the Chloroform inhaler invented?

2) Who was was it invented by?

Answer 11

1) 1848

2) John Snow

Question 12

1) Which very famous public figure used chloroform to give birth to her 8th child? When?
2) Which famous public figure’s wife used chloroform to give birth?

Answer 12

1) Queen Victoria in 1853

2) Charles Dickens

Question 13

In the Crimean war who discouraged chloroform from being used?
Why

Answer 13

An army medic banned use of chloroform thinking it was unmanly for the soldiers to have pain relief – he was ignored

Question 14

When was the hypodermic needle invented?

Answer 14

1853

Question 15

1) What did Louis Pasteur publish and when?

2) What did it say

Answer 15

1) The Germ Theory 1861

2) Germs cause infections, they can be killed by heat.

Question 16

When was the Germ Theory proved?

Why was this important?

Answer 16

The germ theory wasn’t proved until 1864.

People often don’t believe things until they’re proved

Question 17

Who was Joseph Lister?

Answer 17

A surgeon, he linked germs (Pasteur) with infection

Question 18

How many people died from blood poisoning in 1867 on Lister’s wards?

Answer 18

None!

Question 19

What was invented in 1878 that helped promote an aseptic environment?

Answer 19

The Steam Steriliser by Robert Koch

Question 20

When were rubber gloves invented?

Answer 20

In 1889

Question 21

What ways did hospitals promote an aseptic environment after the 1890s?

Answer 21

Wear rubber gloves,
Face masks,
Gowns,
Sterile clothing.
Instruments were sterilised

Question 22

What was discovered in 1901?

Answer 22

Blood groups by Karl Landsteiner

Question 23

What anesthetic was discovered in 1905?

Answer 23

Novocaine (this isn’t 1 of the 3 key anesthetics so you don’t have to learn anything about it)

Question 24

Who performed the first successful blood transfusion using blood typing and when?

Answer 24

Reuben Ottenburg in 1907

Question 25

What started in 1914?

Answer 25

WW1, it ended in 1918

Question 26

What did Richard Lewisohn discovered could be added to blood to prevent it clotting? And when?

Answer 26

Sodium citrate in 1914

Question 27

Who discovered that refrigeration stopped blood cells deteriorating in 1916?

Answer 27

Richard Weil

Question 28

Which two people realised citrate glucose could be added to prevent blood clotting or deteriorating?

Answer 28

Rous and Turner

Question 29

What was set up in Aldershot n 1916?

Answer 29

A plastic surgery unit by Harold Gilles

Question 30

What method of plastic surgery did Gilles develop?

Answer 30

Pedicle grafts

Question 31

What was set up during the battle of Cambrai in 1917?

Answer 31

The first blood depot

Question 32

Who presented their work in Paris in 1892?

Answer 32

Pasteur