Factors Flashcards
What did communication mean?
What are 4 aspects?
People could share ideas so learnt from eachother and built on another’s work
1) Careful notes and recordings
2) Publishing ideas
3) Conferences
4) The media
How did careful notes and recordings help surgery?
People who used it…
People had records of progress of treatment which they could use to help prove what they were doing worked.
Gillies uses it to photograph progression of plastic surgery
Surgeons want their work recorded; photographs and art work of key events such as field surgery in WW1
Lister uses it to show the impact of carbolic acid
How did publishing ideas help surgery?
People who used it…
The emphasis on scientific methods and approach led many scientists to publish their ideas
Publications like the medical journal the ‘Lancet’ let Doctors write about methods, discoveries and success rates. It also encouraged discussion of ideas and problems
Louis Pasteur’s germ theory was published in 1861 and Lister read it applying it to his attempts to reduce infection; Lister built on
Pasteur’s ideas.
How did conferences help surgery?
People who used it…
At these conferences scientists and surgeons often all met up and could talk to eachother but also listen to lectures
Lister presented his work to Pasteur and 2500 other scientists in Paris, 1892, paying tribute to the importance of his work
How did the media affect surgery?
Newspapers report key events and could influence people’s thoughts.
They dissuade the public using scaremongering in cases like Hannah Greener’s
They also report notable operations, like Queen Victoria’s use of chloroform in childbirth, Charles Dickens wife’s use of it in childbirth, King Edward VII appendix removal. This helps increase public interest and support.
How did the factor communication affect pain relief?
- The papers and the Lancet report the death of Hannah Greener in 1848 (scaremonger)
- Papers and the Lancet report religious opposition and other forms
+ The papers report Queen Victoria’s use of chloroform helping encourage public acceptance
How did the factor communication affect antiseptics?
- Lister was publicly mocked in the press and opposition published letters
+ Germ Theory published in 1861
+ Lister uses drawings to illustrate how operations should be correctly carried out.
+ Lister publishes his ideas allowing him to share good practice and methods with other surgeons
+ Lister recorded his results when using carbolic acid over several years helping to prove it worked
What other area of surgery did the factor communication affect and how?
Plastic surgery; Gillies documents his work and can share his results
How did Technology affect surgery?
Technology was needed to put scientific ideas into practise
How did the factor of technology affect pain relief?
The chloroform inhaler 1848 allows precise dosages to be given stopping deaths; popularising use now it was safer
How did the factor of technology affect antiseptics
Donkey pump; lets carbolic acid be sprayed to create aseptic conditions
Steam sterilizer 1878 means instruments are sterilised helping to create aseptic conditions
Cat gut ligatures absorb carbolic acid unlike silk ligatures so help stop infection getting into wounds
How did the factor of technology affect blood loss?
Hypodermic needle 1853 Alexander wood; blood transfusions and measuring drug injection easier
Refrigerated conditions let blood depots be set up
How did the factor of technology affect other areas of surgery?
Roentgen’s discovers x-rays; doesn’t take out a patent to prevent other people from copying his ideas so they spread quickly.
The petite curie in WW1 meant surgeons didn’t have to dig around in the body to find bullets or shrapnel reducing the chances of infection as they could precisely locate it
How did science affect surgery?
Chemistry plays an important part in developing anaesthetics, antiseptics and the storage of blood for transfusions
Bacteriology helps people understand what causes disease
How did the factor of science affect pain relief?
Chemistry was important in developing anaesthetics
(ether, laughing gas, chloroform and novocaine)
An understanding of the human body coupled with unconscious patients lets more complex surgeries be developed and refined
