Important Applications of Functional Groups Flashcards
IMPORTANT ALCOHOL
- Colorless and odorless liquid
- Used as a solvent
- Toxic, can cause blindness and
death if ingested - Can be used as a fuel
Methanol
IMPORTANT ALCOHOL
- An odorless and colorless liquid
- Widely used as a solvent
- The alcohol in alcoholic
beverages - Derived from the fermentation
of carbohydrates - Beverage produced varies with
the starting material and the
fermentation process
Ethanol
Ethanol is derived from _____
Fermentation of carbohydrates
IMPORTANT ALCOHOL
- Colorless, but has a slight odor
- Commonly called rubbing alcohol
- Toxic when ingested
Used as a: - Disinfectant
- Astringent
- Industrial solvent
2-propanol (Isopropyl alcohol)
IMPORTANT ALCOHOL
- Used as automobile antifreeze
- Has a sweet taste, but is
extremely poisonous - Added to water
- Lowers the freezing point
- Raises the boiling point
1,2-ethanediol
IMPORTANT ALCOHOL
- Very viscous, thick
- Has a sweet taste
- Non-toxic
- Highly water soluble
1,2,3-propanetriol (glycerol)
IMPORTANT ALCOHOL
Used in:
* Cosmetics
* Pharmaceuticals
* Lubricants
* Esterification of fatty acids
* Obtained as a by-product of fat hydrolysis
1,2,3-propanetriol
- Components of flavorings and
fragrances
Widely used in healthcare as:
* Germicides
* Antiseptics
* Disinfectants
Phenol
Often used as anesthetics
Ethers
Accumulate in the lipid material of nerve cells interfering with nerve impulse of transmission
Ethers
What kind of ethers are used today as general
anesthetics because it’s less flammable and safer to store and to work with?
Halogenated ethers
Chemically, they are inert; do not normally react with reducing agents or bases
Ethers
states that in an elimination reaction the alkene with the
greatest number of alkyl groups on the double-bonded carbon is the
major product of the reaction
Zaitsev’s rule
True or false; Ethers are extremely volatile and highly flammable
True
True or false; Thiols have nice aroma
False (They have nauseating aroma)
The thiol-disulfide redox
pair controls a critical
factor in protein
structure called
Disulfide bridge
What can undergo oxidation to form cystine
Cysteine molecules
Have sharp, sour taste and unpleasant aromas
Carboxylic acid (lower molar mass)
commonly used as antibacterial and antifungal
preservatives and as flavoring agents in food, cosmetics, hygiene, and
pharmaceutical products.
Benzoic acid derivatives
What are citric acid, lactic acid, tartaric acid, and malic acid?
Carboxylic acid derivatives
found in citrus fruits
Citric acid
Bacteria in mild produce this as a product of the
fermentation of sugars
Lactic acid
used in baking
powder because it will react with
carbonates in the dough
Tartaric acid
gives a sour taste to
green apples
Malic acid
long-chain
carboxylic acids found in plant
and animal sources
Fatty acid
derivatives of carboxylic acids
having the general formula: RCOCl
Acid chlorides
- Noxious, irritating chemicals requiring great care in
handling - Slightly polar, boiling near the corresponding carbonyl’s
temperature - React violently with water
- Widely used in the production of pesticides, plastics, and
polymers
Acid chlorides
Form from the reaction of
a carboxylic acid with an
alcohol.
Esters
Most have pleasant odors
(fruity scents) such as
raspberry, banana, pear,
apple, and pineapple
Esters
a gas
used in aqueous solutions as formalin
to preserve tissue
Methanal (formaldehyde)
produced
from ethanol in the liver causing
hangover symptoms
Ethanal (acetaldehyde)
simplest
possible ketone which is miscible with water and flammable
Propanone (acetone)
Found in vanilla beans
Vanillin
Used in mushroom flavoring
2-octanone
found in almonds; causes smell
Benzaldehyde
Aldehyde found in cinnamon
Cinnamaldehyde
derived from ammonia (NH3), have a
rotting fish smell, basic in nature, and
small compouds of this group are miscible in water.
Amines
Amine that stimulate the central
nervous syste
Amphetamines
Amines as pain relievers and anesthetics
Analgesics
Benzendrine and methedrine are examples of?
Amphetamines
Novacaine and Demerol are examples of?
Analgesics
Amines that shrink the
membranes lining
the nasal passages
Decongestants
Amines that are described as first chemicals used to fight infections
Sulfa drugs
- Cyclic compounds
that have at
least one N in
the ring - Many are
physiologically
active and many
are critical in
biochemistry
Heterocyclic amines
naturally
occurring compounds
with one or more
nitrogen-containing
heterocyclic rin
Alkaloids
Cocaine, morphine, nicotine, quinine, heroine, and LSD are examples of?
Alkaloids
A protein is a polymer of amino acids linked by the __________
Amide bonds
Oxytocin and vasopressin are examples of?
Hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland EYYYY (kung ‘di mo alam ‘to mag-aral ka an huy kimmy)
Examples of amides ‘yan teh
Tylenol, Paracetamol,
Panadol used as an aspirin
substitute. It acts to reduce
fever and pain.
Acetaminophen
depressant
drugs used to induce sleep,
release tension, and treat
seizure disorder and severe
trauma in the skull.
Barbiturates
Acetaminophen and barbiturates are examples of
Amides
a coenzyme commonly involved in biological oxidation/reduction reactions
NAD+
catalyze by the liver enzymes result to different physiological effects
on the body
Oxidation of alcohols
causes coagulation
of proteins in the cell.
Formaldehyde
Acetaldehyde is oxidized to ______, a normal constituent of a cell
Acetic acid
