IMPORTANT Flashcards

1
Q

Sarcolemma, myolemma, plasmalemma, plasma membrane

A

Is the double-layered membrane inside the endomysium, the tissue that completely surrounds each fiber and defines the limits of the muscle cell.

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2
Q

Proces of a actine powerstroke

A

Calcium is required by troponin and tropomyosin to begin contraction. ATP is hydrolyzed into P and ADP on unattached actine. The actine binds myosin. ADP and P release, causing a power stroke. ATP binds and the actine releases.

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3
Q

Layers of skin from out to in.

reticular dermis
Epidermis
papillairy dermis
hypodermis

A

Epidermis, papillary dermis, reticular dermis, hypodermis

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4
Q

Layers of the epidermis

stratum spinosum
Stratum corneum
stratum basale/germinativum
stratum lucidum
stratum granulosum

A

Stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale/germinativum

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5
Q

Merkel cell

A

Machanoreceptors that are found in the basal epidermis. They are nerve endings and provide information on mechanical pressure, position, and deep static touch features, such as shapes and edges.

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6
Q

Meissner corpuscles

A

They consist of a cutaneous (encapsulated) nerve ending responsible for transmitting the sensations of fine, discriminative touch and vibration

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7
Q

Ruffini endings

A

Detect stretch, deformation within joints, and warmth

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8
Q

Pacinian corpuscles

A

They consist of a cutaneous (encapsulated) nerve ending responsible for sensing vibrations and detecting fine textures

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9
Q

Internal respiration

A

During internal respiration oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the cells and blood vessels.

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10
Q

External respiration

A

External respiration, also known as breathing, involves both bringing air into the lungs (inhalation) and releasing air to the atmosphere (exhalation).

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11
Q

pulmonary capillaries

A

the smallest blood vessels inside of the lungs, attached to the walls of the alveoli.

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12
Q

Continuous capillaries

A

Most commonly found in body. his type of capillary is in your skeletal muscles, lungs, heart, nervous system, skin. They are least permeable of the 3

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13
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

A

This type of capillary is in your kidneys, small intestine and some endocrine glands. This is more permeable than non-fenestrated

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14
Q

Sinusoidal capillaries

A

These capillaries have even larger gaps and pores. Sinusoidal capillaries are in your liver, spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow and some endocrine glands.

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15
Q

accessory organs to digestion tract

A

Teeth, tongue, and glandular organs such as salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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16
Q

Vasopressin (ADH)

A

Released by hypothalamus, acts on the posterior pituitary in response to hyperosmolality

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17
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Consist of four major endocrine cell types that produce the hormones necessary for maintaining appropriate levels of circulating glucose.

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18
Q

What are gastric secretions and how do they work

A

The secreted fluid contains:
hydrochloric acid
pepsinogen (into pepsin)
intrinsic factor
bicarbonate
mucus

Gastrin stimulated excretion of these.

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19
Q

Secretin and cholecystokinin

A

Stimulate the pancreas to produce juice

20
Q

The difference between hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure

A

Hydrostatic pressure is force of fluid on surroundings, osmotic pressure is water moving to highest concentration.

21
Q

Reabsorbed components in the kidney tubule

A

Active reabsorption: glucose, amino acids, and peptides.

Passive reabsorption: water, chloride, bicarbonate and other ions.

22
Q

What is put into the kidney filtrate?

A

K+, H+, urea

23
Q

Loops of hendle

A

The descending limb is highly permeable to water, but not to salt. The ascending loop is permeable to ions rather than water.

24
Q

Prostatic urethra

A

Sperm gain motility as they pass through which structure

25
Q

Seminiferous tubule

A

Where cell division takes place and sperm is formed

26
Q

Ductus deferens

A

Tube in the male reproductive system that transports sperm cells from the epididymis, where the sperm are stored prior to ejaculation

27
Q

Epididymis

A

Tightly-coiled tube that is attached to each of the testicles. Sperm cells move from the testicles into the epididymis, where they finish maturing and are stored.

28
Q

Prostate

A

Production of a fluid that, together with sperm cells and fluids from other glands, makes up semen

29
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

a hormone that your pituitary gland releases to trigger your thyroid to produce and release its own hormones: thyroxine and triiodothyronine

30
Q

Calcitriol

A

proximal tubular cells of the kidney. Maintains serum calcium levels by increasing calcium absorption in the gastrointestinal tract

31
Q

Thyroxine and triiodothyronine

A

the combination of the two main hormones that your thyroid gland releases. Varying effects.

32
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A

hormone your parathyroid glands release to control calcium levels in your blood

33
Q

epinephrine and norepinephrine

A

Fight or flight response. Produced by adrenal medulla

34
Q

Aldosterone

A

A steroid hormone made by the adrenal cortex. It helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing potassium from the body

35
Q

Corticosteroids

A

Corticosteroids are a class of steroid hormones released by the adrenal cortex. Stress and immune response.

36
Q

Glucocorticoids

A

Steroid hormones produced from the cortex of adrenal glands. Glucocorticoids have a pivotal role in the glucose, protein, and fat metabolism of the body.

37
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Naturally produced by the peritubular cells of the kidney. Acts on red blood cells to protect them against destruction

38
Q

Steps of a synapse

A

Action potantial arrives, Ca flows in, synaptic vesicles release neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter binds.

39
Q

Four structures of the brain

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum

40
Q

Brain stem parts

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

41
Q

Coronal plane / frontal plane

A

Cut of whole body. Knife from top down, over the shoulders.

42
Q

Horizontal, axial, transverse plane

A

Cut like a belt.

43
Q

Median / sagittal plane

A

Cut from head down between the eyes.

44
Q

parasagittal / longitudinal plane

A

Cut from head down off center.

45
Q

Rostral to caudal

A

Nose to tip of head

46
Q

palmar to dorsal

A

palms to back of hand

47
Q

plantar to dorsal

A

underside of leg to top of leg